Nursing Elites

1. Developmental science is __________ because it has grown through the combined efforts of people from many fields of study.

• A. interdisciplinary
• B. empirical
• C. applied
• D. theoretical

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Correct answer: Developmental science is interdisciplinary because it integrates knowledge from multiple fields like psychology, biology, and sociology. The term 'empirical' refers to information gained from observation or experimentation, which is not the focus of this question. 'Applied' and 'theoretical' do not capture the essence of developmental science requiring inputs from various disciplines.

2. At Kohlberg's Stage __________, individuals can imagine alternatives to their own social order, and they emphasize fair procedures for interpreting and changing the law.

• A. 3, the 'good boy/good girl' orientation
• B. 4, the social-order-maintaining orientation
• C. 5, the social contract orientation
• D. 6, the universal ethical principle orientation

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: '5, the social contract orientation.' At Kohlberg's Stage 5, individuals begin to question their own social order and focus on principles of justice and fairness. This stage emphasizes the importance of social contracts and agreements based on mutual benefit. Choice A is incorrect as the 'good boy/good girl' orientation is characteristic of Stage 3. Choice B, the social-order-maintaining orientation, does not align with the description provided in the question. Choice D, the universal ethical principle orientation, is associated with Stage 6, where individuals act based on self-chosen ethical principles.

3. Unlike adults, newborn babies __________.

• A. have a limited sense of smell
• B. see nearby objects most clearly
• C. prefer unfamiliar voices to familiar ones
• D. see unclearly across a wide range of distances

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Unlike adults, newborn babies see nearby objects most clearly. This is due to the fact that newborns have a limited ability to focus their eyes on objects that are farther away. Their visual acuity is not fully developed at birth, leading to clearer vision of objects situated at a close distance. Choice A is incorrect because newborn babies have a well-developed sense of smell. Choice C is incorrect as newborns typically show a preference for familiar voices, such as their mother's voice. Choice D is incorrect as newborns do not see unclearly across a wide range of distances; rather, their vision is clearer for nearby objects.

4. __________ supplementation early in pregnancy reduces the risk of abnormalities of the neural tube, the circulatory system, and the urinary tract.

• A. Vitamin A
• B. Folic acid
• C. Vitamin D
• D. Vitamin C

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Folic acid supplementation early in pregnancy is crucial as it reduces the risk of abnormalities in the developing fetus. It is specifically known to prevent issues related to the neural tube, circulatory system, and urinary tract. Vitamin A, Vitamin D, and Vitamin C do not play the same role as folic acid in preventing these specific birth defects, making them incorrect choices.

5. Piaget's _________ stage is the most complex period of development.

• A. sensorimotor
• B. preoperational
• C. concrete operational
• D. formal operational

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The formal operational stage in Piaget's theory is characterized by abstract reasoning, hypothetical thinking, and logical reasoning. This stage represents the most complex period of cognitive development according to Piaget. Choices A, B, and C refer to earlier stages in Piaget's theory and do not involve the level of abstract thinking and logical reasoning seen in the formal operational stage.

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