Nursing Elites

1. What causes atherosclerotic plaques to form initially?

• A. Interruption of blood flow to the brain
• B. Injury to the coronary artery endothelium
• C. Administration of statin medications
• D. Poor dietary modifications

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Atherosclerotic plaques form initially due to injury to the coronary artery endothelium, which triggers a cascade of events leading to plaque buildup. Choice A is incorrect because atherosclerotic plaques do not form due to an interruption of blood flow to the brain. Choice C is incorrect as statin medications are actually used to help lower cholesterol and reduce the risk of plaque formation. Choice D is incorrect as poor dietary modifications can contribute to atherosclerosis but are not the initial cause of plaque formation.

2. Which of the following describes the type of incontinence due to an increase in intraabdominal pressure such as coughing, sneezing, and laughing?

• A. Overflow
• B. Stress
• C. Mixed
• D. Functional

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Stress. Stress incontinence occurs when there is an increase in intraabdominal pressure, for example, during activities like coughing, sneezing, or laughing, leading to urine leakage. This type of incontinence is specifically triggered by physical movements or activities that put pressure on the bladder. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because overflow incontinence is characterized by the bladder not emptying properly, mixed incontinence is a combination of stress and urge incontinence, and functional incontinence is typically due to physical or cognitive impairments.

3. Canola oil produced from genetically modified canola plants altered to be herbicide-resistant is an example of a:

• A. pesticide-free food.
• B. saturated fat food.
• C. genetically modified food.
• D. product that is pure.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is 'genetically modified food.' Canola oil derived from genetically modified canola plants falls into this category because the plant's genome has been altered to exhibit herbicide resistance. This genetic modification makes it a genetically modified food. Choice A, 'pesticide-free food,' is incorrect as the genetic modification is to resist herbicides, not pesticides. Choice B, 'saturated fat food,' is incorrect as it does not accurately describe the genetic modification of the canola plants. Choice D, 'product that is pure,' is too vague and does not address the genetic modification aspect of the canola plants.

4. A patient has been using Viagra on an intermittent basis for several years. However, he has cited delays in the onset and peak of action as the occasional source of frustration. What PDE5 inhibitor may be of particular benefit to this patient's needs?

• A. Avanafil (Stendra)
• B. Tadalafil (Cialis)
• C. Vardenafil (Levitra)
• D. Alprostadil (Caverject)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is Avanafil (Stendra). Avanafil has a rapid onset of action compared to other PDE5 inhibitors, making it suitable for patients experiencing delays in onset and peak of action with other medications like Viagra. Tadalafil (Cialis), Vardenafil (Levitra), and Alprostadil (Caverject) do not offer the same rapid onset of action as Avanafil, making them less suitable for addressing the specific needs of this patient.

5. In which patients would the manifestation of a headache be a sign of a serious underlying disorder?

• A. A 55-year-old man with new onset of headaches that are worse at night and reported mood swings according to his family
• B. A 30-year-old woman with a unilateral throbbing headache with photophobia and nausea
• C. A 60-year-old man with his head feeling full and throbbing and muscle aching around his neck and shoulders
• D. A 40-year-old woman who experiences food cravings, gets irritable, and then develops a pulsatile-like headache on the right side of her head

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is the 55-year-old man with new onset headaches that worsen at night and reported mood swings according to his family. These symptoms, especially when combined with nighttime worsening and mood changes, could indicate a serious underlying disorder such as a brain tumor or increased intracranial pressure. Choice B is incorrect as the unilateral throbbing headache with photophobia and nausea is suggestive of migraine headaches, which are usually not associated with serious underlying disorders. Choice C describes symptoms that are more indicative of tension-type headaches rather than a serious underlying disorder. Choice D presents symptoms that are more likely related to hormonal changes and migraines rather than a serious underlying disorder.

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