Nursing Elites

1. A client newly diagnosed with hypertension is receiving teaching about the Mediterranean diet from a nurse. Which of the following statements by the client indicates a need for further teaching?

• A. I will limit my intake of red meat to twice weekly.
• B. I can have dairy in moderate portions daily.
• C. I can have fish two times a week.
• D. I can drink wine in moderation.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Patients with hypertension should be advised to limit alcohol consumption, including wine, to help manage their blood pressure. Choices A, B, and C are all consistent with the Mediterranean diet and are appropriate for a client with hypertension. Reducing red meat intake, consuming dairy in moderate portions, and having fish regularly align with the principles of this heart-healthy eating pattern.

2. Lynn is an older adult who lives alone and has requested advice on how to eat a nutritious diet as cheaply as possible. One useful, practical tip for Lynn might be to _____.

• A. buy just a few pieces of fresh fruit at a time, in different stages of ripeness
• B. choose small boxes of frozen vegetables instead of large bags
• C. purchase pre-sliced or shredded cheese rather than whole pieces
• D. avoid buying certain foods in bulk, such as beans or dried legumes

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Buying a few pieces of fresh fruit at different stages of ripeness ensures that Lynn will have ripe fruit available over several days, reducing waste and cost. Choice B focuses on frozen vegetables but doesn't address the variety and ripeness factor like Choice A. Choice C is about cheese, which may not be as essential for a nutritious diet compared to fresh fruit. Choice D suggests avoiding certain foods in bulk, which might not be as relevant for maintaining a nutritious diet economically as the strategy in Choice A.

3. Which food should the nurse recommend for a client deficient in vitamin A?

• A. Orange slices
• B. Steamed carrots
• C. Apple sauce
• D. Baked potato

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, steamed carrots, as they are high in vitamin A. Carrots are rich in beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A, which is essential for good vision, a healthy immune system, and cell growth. Oranges (choice A) are a good source of vitamin C but not vitamin A. Apple sauce (choice C) and baked potato (choice D) do not provide significant amounts of vitamin A compared to steamed carrots, making them less suitable recommendations for a client deficient in this specific nutrient.

4. Transmission of HIV from an infected individual to another person occurs:

• A. Most frequently in nurses with needlesticks
• B. Only if there is a large viral load in the blood
• C. Most commonly as a result of sexual contact
• D. In all infants born to women with HIV infection

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Understanding the underlying pathology and therapeutic techniques ensures that nursing care is not only reactive but also preventative, reducing the risk of complications.

5. Each statement is true of rickets, except one. Which is the exception?

• A. Rickets is being diagnosed more frequently in the United States.
• B. Rickets is caused by vitamin C deficiency.
• C. Tachetic deformities such as bow legs or knock-knees develop.
• D. A narrow and distorted chest occurs.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rickets is caused by vitamin D deficiency, not vitamin C deficiency. It usually occurs in children who are 1 to 3 years old. The name rickets came from the word 'wrikken,' meaning 'to bend or twist.' Common manifestations of rickets include tachetic deformities like bow legs or knock-knees, a narrow and distorted chest, and failure of the epiphyses of bones to develop normally, resulting in twisted and warped bones. While the diagnosis of rickets may be increasing in the United States, it is not caused by a lack of vitamin C.

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