Nursing Elites

1. __________ may heighten the effects of a high-fat diet.

• A. Sex hormones
• B. Over-the-counter medications
• C. Free radicals
• D. Low body weight

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Free radicals may contribute to oxidative stress, increasing the risk of conditions associated with a high-fat diet. When consuming a high-fat diet, the body may produce more free radicals, leading to oxidative damage. Sex hormones, over-the-counter medications, and low body weight do not directly heighten the effects of a high-fat diet like free radicals do.

2. In a cross-sectional design, researchers study __________.

• A. the same group of participants repeatedly at different ages
• B. groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time
• C. groups of participants of the same age in different years
• D. participants of the same age at the same point in time

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In a cross-sectional design, researchers study groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time. This design allows researchers to compare different age groups simultaneously, providing valuable insight into age-related differences without the need to track the same group over time. Choice A is incorrect because it describes a longitudinal design where the same group is followed over time. Choice C is incorrect as it involves different groups of the same age studied at different times. Choice D is incorrect as it does not capture the essence of a cross-sectional design, which involves studying groups of different ages at the same point in time.

3. Which statement about a blastocyst is true?

• A. It consists of a single cell.
• B. It is a structure that feeds the developing organism.
• C. Between the seventh and ninth days, it burrows deep into the uterine lining.
• D. It is a membrane that helps to keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The statement that is true about a blastocyst is that between the seventh and ninth days, it burrows deep into the uterine lining. This process, known as implantation, is essential for the blastocyst to establish a connection with the mother's body and receive nutrients for further development. It is a critical stage in prenatal development and sets the foundation for pregnancy. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. A blastocyst is not a single cell but rather a structure composed of many cells. It is not a structure that feeds the developing organism; instead, it implants in the uterine lining to receive nutrients. It is not a membrane that regulates temperature but plays a crucial role in the initial stages of pregnancy by implanting in the uterus.

4. According to psychosexual theory, what is crucial for healthy personality development?

• A. Children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore the world.
• B. Directly observable events are the appropriate focus of psychological study.
• C. How parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years.
• D. The ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: According to psychosexual theory, developed by Sigmund Freud, how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development. This theory suggests that personality development is heavily influenced by a child's experiences during early stages of development, particularly related to handling sexual and aggressive impulses. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the core principles of psychosexual theory, which focuses on the importance of early childhood experiences, especially in the context of sexual and aggressive drives.

5. Like longitudinal research, cross-sectional studies can be threatened by __________.

• A. practice effects
• B. participant dropout
• C. sequential timing
• D. cohort effects

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Cross-sectional studies can be threatened by cohort effects because different age groups may have experienced different historical or social contexts, influencing the results. This disparity can lead to invalid comparisons between age groups, confounding the study's findings. Option A, practice effects, refer to changes in participants' behavior due to repeated testing, not a specific threat to cross-sectional studies. Participant dropout (Option B) is a threat related to attrition in longitudinal studies, not cross-sectional studies. Sequential timing (Option C) does not pose a threat to cross-sectional studies; instead, it refers to the order of tasks in a study design.

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