Nursing Elites

1. What is the primary focus of Lean methodology in healthcare?

• A. Reduce healthcare costs
• B. Enhance patient satisfaction
• C. Increase patient throughput
• D. Standardize care processes

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Standardize care processes. Lean methodology in healthcare focuses on standardizing care processes to improve efficiency and reduce waste. While reducing healthcare costs and enhancing patient satisfaction are important goals in healthcare, the primary focus of Lean methodology is to standardize care processes to ensure consistent, high-quality care delivery. Increasing patient throughput may be a byproduct of implementing Lean principles but is not the primary focus.

2. Which of the following statements is true regarding nursing ethics?

• A. Nursing ethics focus on the organizational level at the workplace.
• B. Nursing ethics focus on the duties and rules of behavior for professional nurses.
• C. Nursing ethics focus on the moral character of nurses.
• D. Nursing ethics focus on the experiences and needs of nurses.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'Nursing ethics focus on the duties and rules of behavior for professional nurses.' Nursing ethics primarily revolve around the principles and standards that guide the actions and decisions of nurses in their professional roles. Choice A is incorrect as nursing ethics are not limited to the organizational level but extend to individual conduct. Choice C is incorrect as while moral character is important, nursing ethics encompass more than just character traits. Choice D is incorrect as nursing ethics are centered on professional responsibilities rather than personal experiences and needs.

3. Which of the following is a key aspect of transformational leadership?

• A. Maintaining the status quo
• B. Encouraging innovation
• C. Focus on short-term goals
• D. Top-down communication

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Encouraging innovation. Transformational leadership is characterized by inspiring and motivating team members to think creatively, embrace change, and strive for continuous improvement. Choice A is incorrect as transformational leaders seek to challenge the status quo rather than maintain it. Choice C is incorrect because transformational leadership emphasizes long-term vision and goals rather than short-term objectives. Choice D is incorrect as transformational leadership promotes open, two-way communication rather than top-down communication.

4. Which type of HMO contracts with two or more IPAs (Independent Practice Associations)?

• A. Staff model
• B. Point of service model
• C. Network model
• D. Group model

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Network model. A network model of HMOs contracts with two or more IPAs. In a network model, the HMO contracts with multiple IPAs to provide healthcare services to its members, offering a wider range of choices and flexibility in selecting healthcare providers. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the staff model involves employing physicians and healthcare providers directly, the point of service model allows members to seek care both in-network and out-of-network, and the group model is not specifically associated with contracting IPAs.

5. Which of the following can cause negative effects on decision making among groups?

• A. Rationalization
• B. Groupthink
• C. Risky shift
• D. Dialectical inquiry

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Groupthink. Groupthink is a negative phenomenon occurring in highly cohesive, isolated groups where members tend to think alike, which hinders critical thinking and can lead to poor decision-making. Rationalization refers to justifying or explaining behaviors or decisions in a logical manner. Risky shift is a phenomenon in groups where decisions become riskier or more extreme than individual members would make on their own. Dialectical inquiry is a technique used to counteract groupthink by encouraging debate and presenting opposing viewpoints to arrive at more thoughtful decisions.

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