Nursing Elites

1. What is the primary focus of Lean methodology in healthcare?

• A. Reduce healthcare costs
• B. Enhance patient satisfaction
• C. Increase patient throughput
• D. Standardize care processes

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Standardize care processes. Lean methodology in healthcare focuses on standardizing care processes to improve efficiency and reduce waste. While reducing healthcare costs and enhancing patient satisfaction are important goals in healthcare, the primary focus of Lean methodology is to standardize care processes to ensure consistent, high-quality care delivery. Increasing patient throughput may be a byproduct of implementing Lean principles but is not the primary focus.

2. Change is a mandatory skill for managers. Successful change agents display certain characteristics. Some of these characteristics are: (Select all that apply.)

• A. Energy
• B. Confidence
• C. Ambiguity
• D. Trustworthiness

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is 'C: Ambiguity.' The rationale behind this is that the provided list of characteristics that successful change agents demonstrate includes 'realistic thinking' as one of the traits, not 'ambiguity.' Therefore, 'A: Energy,' 'B: Confidence,' and 'D: Trustworthiness' are not among the characteristics mentioned in the extract.

3. A nurse manager is considering the variances of the budget. Fewer monies were spent than expected. What type of variance is this?

• A. Unfavorable variance
• B. Favorable variance
• C. Dependent variance
• D. Independent variance

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, favorable variance. When fewer funds are spent than expected, it indicates efficient budget management, making it a favorable outcome. Choice A, unfavorable variance, is incorrect as it would apply if more money than expected was spent. Choices C and D, dependent variance and independent variance, are unrelated terms in the context of budget variances and do not apply to the situation described.

4. A nurse is caring for a client who has diarrhea due to shigella. Which of the following precautions should the nurse implement for this client?

• A. Have the client wear a mask when receiving visitors.
• B. Limit the client's time with visitors to no more than 30 minutes per day.
• C. Assign the client to a room with negative-pressure airflow exchange.
• D. Wear a gown when caring for the client.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because limiting the client's time with visitors helps prevent the spread of shigella infection to others. Shigella is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, so minimizing contact time reduces the risk of transmission. Choice A is incorrect as there is no need for the client to wear a mask in this situation. Choice C is also incorrect as negative-pressure airflow exchange rooms are typically used for clients with airborne infections. Choice D is incorrect as wearing a gown is not the primary precaution needed for shigella infection.

5. Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between ethical principles and laws?

• A. The government enforces ethics.
• B. Laws guide decision making by setting standards.
• C. Ethics are highly detailed.
• D. Ethical principles can serve as the foundation for laws.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The statement 'Ethical principles can serve as the foundation for laws' is correct. Ethical principles act as a standard for evaluating actions and behaviors. While ethical principles may influence the creation of laws, they are not laws themselves. Choice A is incorrect as ethics are usually upheld through societal norms and personal values rather than government enforcement. Choice B is incorrect because laws do provide standards, but those standards are legal rather than ethical. Choice C is incorrect as ethics are broad guidelines for behavior, not highly detailed rules.

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