Nursing Elites

1. What is the biopsychosocial model, and why is it important?

• A. A model that integrates biological, psychological, and social factors.
• B. A model that focuses solely on biological factors.
• C. A model that excludes social factors.
• D. A model that focuses solely on psychological factors.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The biopsychosocial model is a model that integrates biological, psychological, and social factors. It is important because it recognizes the interconnectedness of these factors in influencing an individual's mental health. Option B is incorrect because the biopsychosocial model does not focus solely on biological factors. Option C is incorrect as the model does not exclude social factors. Option D is incorrect as the model does not focus solely on psychological factors.

2. According to Freud, a person who does not appropriately resolve each psychosexual stage would be _________ at that stage.

• A. defended
• B. fixated
• C. repressed
• D. displaced

Correct answer: B

Rationale: According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, if a person does not resolve a particular stage successfully, they become fixated at that stage. This fixation can lead to behavior patterns characteristic of that stage in later life. In this context, 'defended' is incorrect because it does not align with Freud's theory of fixation. 'Repressed' is not the correct choice as it refers to the unconscious suppression of thoughts or desires. 'Displaced' involves redirecting emotions from their original source to a substitute target, which is not the concept Freud associated with unresolved psychosexual stages.

3. In the 5th substage of sensorimotor development, what does Piaget refer to as 'experimentation,' where the infant tries out new ways of playing with or manipulating objects?

• A. Short-term memory
• B. Working memory
• C. Core memories
• D. Long-term memory

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'Long-term memory.' In the 5th substage of sensorimotor development, Piaget refers to 'experimentation' as tertiary circular reactions, where the infant tries out new ways of playing with or manipulating objects. This stage involves exploring and testing different ways of interacting with the world to understand cause and effect relationships. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not align with Piaget's concept of tertiary circular reactions and experimentation in the sensorimotor stage of development.

4. While out for a walk, you come across a ferocious dog. You feel your heart beating faster and your palms begin to sweat. Which part of the peripheral nervous system is activated in this situation?

• A. Autonomic
• B. Sympathetic
• C. Parasympathetic
• D. Somatic

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sympathetic. When encountering a stressful situation like a ferocious dog, the sympathetic nervous system is activated, leading to the 'fight or flight' response. This response triggers physiological changes like increased heart rate, sweating, and heightened alertness to prepare the body to deal with the perceived threat. The autonomic nervous system (Choice A) encompasses both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, so it's a broader category. The parasympathetic nervous system (Choice C) is responsible for the body's 'rest and digest' functions, which are opposite to the physiological changes seen in a stress response. The somatic nervous system (Choice D) controls voluntary movements and sensory information, not the physiological responses seen in a stress reaction.

5. While having a gene for Parkinson's disease guarantees that Parkinson's disease will develop, this is not the only factor that can lead to Parkinson's disease. In other words, the presence of the gene is a ________, but not a ________.

• A. risk factor; sufficient cause
• B. sufficient cause; necessary cause
• C. necessary cause; risk factor
• D. contributory cause; sufficient cause

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'sufficient cause; necessary cause.' A sufficient cause will inevitably produce the disorder, but it is not the only factor. In this case, having the gene for Parkinson's disease is a sufficient cause, meaning it alone can lead to the development of the disease. However, it is not a necessary cause because Parkinson's disease can still develop without the presence of this gene. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the relationship between the gene and the development of Parkinson's disease as depicted in the question.

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