Nursing Elites

1. Which condition is characterized by the sudden onset of shortness of breath, often occurring at night and associated with heart failure?

• A. Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
• B. Sleep apnea
• C. Orthopnea
• D. Dyspnea

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is the correct answer. It is characterized by the sudden onset of shortness of breath during sleep, often associated with heart failure. Choice B, Sleep apnea, involves pauses in breathing during sleep but is not specifically associated with heart failure. Choice C, Orthopnea, is difficulty breathing that occurs when lying down and is relieved by sitting up, not necessarily associated with heart failure. Choice D, Dyspnea, is a general term for difficulty breathing and does not specifically describe the sudden onset at night associated with heart failure as seen in paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.

2. What is a condition where the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients?

• A. Stroke
• B. Heart attack
• C. Pulmonary embolism
• D. Pneumonia

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, leading to brain cell death and potential disability. Choice B, a heart attack, involves a blockage in the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle. Choice C, a pulmonary embolism, is a blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries in the lungs. Choice D, pneumonia, is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs.

3. The client is on nitroglycerin patches. What should the nurse include in the client’s education?

• A. Rotate the application site with each new patch.
• B. Apply the patch at the same time each day.
• C. Leave the patch on for 24 hours, then remove it for 12 hours before applying a new one.
• D. Apply the patch to the same site each time.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Rotate the application site with each new patch.' When educating a client using nitroglycerin patches, it is essential to rotate the application site to prevent skin irritation. Choice B is incorrect because applying the patch at the same time each day is not a critical aspect of patch application. Choice C is incorrect as nitroglycerin patches are usually left on for a specific period, typically 12 to 14 hours, before being replaced. Choice D is incorrect because applying the patch to the same site each time can lead to skin irritation and tolerance development.

4. Which term refers to the ability of the heart to initiate impulses repetitively and spontaneously?

• A. Contractility
• B. Excitability
• C. Automaticity
• D. Rhythmicity

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Automaticity. Automaticity is the specific term used to describe the heart's ability to generate impulses repetitively and spontaneously. Contractility (A) refers to the ability of muscle fibers to contract, not the initiation of impulses. Excitability (B) is the ability of cells to respond to stimuli but is not specific to the heart's impulse generation. Rhythmicity (D) is a related term but does not specifically describe the heart's spontaneous impulse initiation.

5. What is a condition where the coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle?

• A. Coronary artery disease (CAD)
• B. Atherosclerosis
• C. Stroke
• D. Peripheral artery disease

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, Coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD is a condition where the coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle and an increased risk of heart attack. Choice B, Atherosclerosis, is a related condition involving the buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls, but it is not specific to the coronary arteries. Choices C and D, Stroke and Peripheral artery disease, respectively, involve different arteries and conditions, not directly related to the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries.

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