Nursing Elites

1. Theorists who emphasize plasticity believe that __________.

• A. change in response to influential experiences is possible
• B. heredity, rather than the environment, influences behavior
• C. individuals who are high in anxiety as children will remain so at later ages
• D. early experiences establish a lifelong pattern of behavior

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Theorists who emphasize plasticity believe that change in response to influential experiences is possible. They argue that individuals have the capacity to adapt and change their behavior based on their experiences, rather than being limited by genetic predispositions or early childhood experiences. This perspective highlights the importance of environmental influences in shaping behavior and development. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not align with the concept of plasticity, which emphasizes the flexibility and adaptability of individuals in response to their experiences, rather than being fixed by heredity, childhood traits, or early experiences.

2. In an investigation of over 120,000 New York City births, babies born even 1 to 2 weeks early __________ than children who experienced a full-length prenatal period.

• A. showed lower reading and math scores at a third-grade follow-up
• B. were less likely to suffer from childhood obesity
• C. were less likely to suffer from neurological impairments
• D. showed higher language and social/emotional scores in early childhood

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In the investigation of over 120,000 New York City births, babies born even 1 to 2 weeks early showed lower reading and math scores at a third-grade follow-up compared to children who experienced a full-length prenatal period. This suggests that being born slightly premature can have an impact on cognitive development, leading to educational challenges later on. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the study specifically highlighted lower reading and math scores, not a reduced likelihood of suffering from childhood obesity or neurological impairments, or improved language and social/emotional scores in early childhood.

3. When trying to soothe a crying baby, what technique do Western parents typically attempt first?

• A. Massaging the baby's body
• B. Offering a pacifier and a receiving blanket
• C. Playing recorded womb sounds or sounds of nature
• D. Lifting the baby to the shoulder and rocking or walking

Correct answer: D

Rationale: When Western parents aim to soothe a crying baby, the technique they usually try first is lifting the baby to the shoulder and rocking or walking. This method is effective because the motion and closeness provided by rocking or walking can help calm the baby and offer comfort. Choice A is incorrect as massaging the baby's body is not typically the first technique used. Choice B is incorrect as offering a pacifier and a receiving blanket may be tried after lifting the baby to the shoulder. Choice C is also incorrect as playing recorded sounds is usually not the initial technique attempted.

4. According to Piaget, in which stage of cognitive development is four-year-old R’Monte who engages in make-believe play by stirring beads in a bowl and saying, “Soup is ready!”?

• A. sensorimotor
• B. preoperational
• C. concrete operational
• D. sociocultural

Correct answer: B

Rationale: According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, four-year-old R’Monte's engagement in make-believe play, such as pretending to stir beads in a bowl and creating imaginary soup, indicates that he is in the preoperational stage of cognitive development. This stage is characterized by symbolic thinking, pretend play, language development, and egocentrism. Choice A, sensorimotor, is incorrect as this stage occurs in infancy and focuses on sensory experiences and object permanence. Choice C, concrete operational, is incorrect as this stage occurs around ages 7-11 and involves logical reasoning about concrete events. Choice D, sociocultural, is incorrect as it does not correspond to Piaget's stages of cognitive development.

5. Which Apgar criterion can be more difficult to apply to newborns of all races?

• A. pink color
• B. reflex irritability
• C. limp muscle tone
• D. strong breathing

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Among the Apgar criteria, the pink color (choice A), reflex irritability (choice B), and limp muscle tone (choice C) are relatively easy to assess in newborns of all races. However, the criterion that can be more difficult to apply to newborns of all races is strong breathing (choice D). This is because evaluating the strength of a newborn's breathing can be more subjective and require careful observation. Unlike the other criteria that have more visible and objective indicators, assessing the strength of breathing might vary based on the observer's interpretation, making it more challenging to apply universally.

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