Nursing Elites

1. Although great diversity characterizes the interests and concerns of investigators who study development, they share a single goal: to identify __________.

• A. genetic factors that contribute to longevity
• B. environmental factors that contribute to disease and illness
• C. those factors that lead to abnormal development in children and adolescents
• D. those factors that influence consistencies and transformations in people from conception to death

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because investigators who study development aim to identify the factors that influence consistencies and transformations in people from conception to death. This goal encompasses various domains such as physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development, highlighting the comprehensive nature of developmental research. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not align with the overarching goal of developmental researchers, which is to understand the factors influencing individuals throughout their lifespan, rather than focusing solely on genetic factors, environmental factors related to disease, or abnormal development in specific age groups.

2. How does physical activity impact mental health?

• A. Reduces anxiety and depression
• B. Improves mood, but decreases alertness
• C. Decreases mood, alertness, and energy
• D. Decreases neural activity in the cerebral cortex

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Physical activity is known to have a positive impact on mental health by reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression. Choice B is incorrect because physical activity generally improves both mood and alertness. Choice C is incorrect as physical activity tends to increase mood, alertness, and energy levels. Choice D is incorrect as physical activity actually increases neural activity in the cerebral cortex, which is associated with improved cognitive function and mental well-being.

3. The outermost level of Bronfenbrenner's model is the __________.

• A. microsystem
• B. macrosystem
• C. exosystem
• D. mesosystem

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The outermost level of Bronfenbrenner's model is the macrosystem. This level refers to the broader cultural context that shapes the values, laws, customs, and resources of a particular society. It includes factors such as ideology, political systems, societal norms, and cultural influences that impact development at all other levels within the model. Choice A, microsystem, refers to the immediate environment or setting in which an individual lives and interacts. Choice C, exosystem, involves settings that individuals do not directly experience but still influence them. Choice D, mesosystem, refers to the connections between various aspects of an individual's microsystem.

4. Most cognitive aging research has focused on intellectual ________.

• A. stability
• B. gains
• C. competence
• D. deficits

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is 'D: deficits.' Most cognitive aging research has indeed focused on deficits rather than stability, gains, or competence. Studies have consistently shown that deficits in processing speed and memory are common in aging individuals, making it a primary area of interest in research. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because cognitive aging research primarily aims to understand and address deficits associated with aging rather than focusing on stability, gains, or overall competence.

5. Dr. George predicted that positive reinforcement would increase prosocial behavior in preschoolers. Dr. George's prediction is an example of a __________.

• A. theory
• B. research question
• C. hypothesis
• D. research design

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Dr. George's prediction that positive reinforcement would increase prosocial behavior in preschoolers is an example of a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction about the relationship between variables based on existing knowledge or theories. In this case, Dr. George is making a prediction about the effect of positive reinforcement on prosocial behavior, which can be tested through research. Choice A, 'theory,' is incorrect because a theory is a broader explanation that integrates a range of findings and observations. Choice B, 'research question,' is incorrect as it refers to an inquiry that asks about the relationship between variables but lacks the specificity and testability of a hypothesis. Choice D, 'research design,' is incorrect as it pertains to the overall strategy or plan for conducting a research study, not the specific prediction Dr. George made.

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