maryann is pregnant and works in a smoke filled environment what can you tell her about passive smoking

ATI RN

Human Growth and Development Exam 1

1. Maryann is pregnant and works in a smoke-filled environment. What can you tell her about passive smoking?

A. The negative effects of smoking are only evident in children born to heavy smokers.
B. Passive smoking is related to low birth weight, infant death, and childhood respiratory illnesses.
C. Smoke-filled environments are harmful to expectant mothers, but not to their unborn children.
D. The effects of passive smoking are not yet known.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Passive smoking, also known as secondhand smoke, can have harmful effects on pregnancies. Research has shown that exposure to smoke-filled environments during pregnancy is linked to low birth weight, infant death, and childhood respiratory illnesses. Pregnant women should avoid exposure to secondhand smoke to protect the health of their unborn babies. Choice A is incorrect because passive smoking affects both the mother and the unborn child, not just children born to heavy smokers. Choice C is incorrect as it underestimates the risks of smoke-filled environments on unborn children. Choice D is incorrect as research has already established the harmful effects of passive smoking on pregnancies.

2. Baby Gabriella claps her hands after her mother does. Gabriella is displaying __________.

A. reinforcement
B. classical conditioning
C. observational learning
D. adaptation

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Observational learning is when an individual learns by watching others and mimicking their actions or behaviors. In this scenario, Baby Gabriella claps her hands after her mother does, indicating she is learning through observing her mother's behavior and imitating it. The other choices are incorrect: Reinforcement typically involves a consequence that strengthens a behavior, classical conditioning is a type of learning where an association is made between two stimuli, and adaptation refers to the process of adjusting to new conditions.

3. A __________ is a means of building schemes in which an infant who has stumbled onto a new experience caused by his or her own motor activity tries to repeat the event again and again.

A. sensorimotor reflex
B. circular reaction
C. mental representation
D. goal-directed behavior

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A circular reaction is a process where an infant repeats a specific action to explore and learn about the environment through their own motor activity. This repetition helps the infant to understand the consequences of their actions and build cognitive schemes. Sensorimotor reflex (choice A) refers to automatic responses to stimuli, not a purposeful repetition of actions to learn. Mental representation (choice C) involves internal cognitive structures to represent objects or events in the mind, which is different from the repetitive behavior described in the question. Goal-directed behavior (choice D) is purposeful and intentional, unlike the repetitive nature of circular reactions in infants' learning process.

4. What did John Bowlby believe?

A. Adults and more expert peers help children master culturally meaningful activities.
B. The infant-caregiver bond has lifelong consequences for human relationships.
C. Parents and infants are both instinctively attached to each other.
D. Attachment patterns are difficult to study in humans.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: John Bowlby believed that the infant-caregiver bond has lifelong consequences for human relationships. This is supported by his theory of attachment, where he emphasized the importance of early attachment experiences in shaping individuals' future relationships. Choice A is incorrect as it does not reflect Bowlby's main focus on attachment theory. Choice C is incorrect as Bowlby's theory suggests that attachment is more than just instinctual. Choice D is also incorrect as Bowlby's work actually paved the way for the study of attachment patterns in humans.

5. What is strongly associated with healthy eating in teenagers?

A. Vitamin supplementation
B. Number of hours of sleep
C. Dieting in adolescence
D. Frequency of family meals

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The frequency of family meals is strongly associated with healthy eating in teenagers. Research indicates that regular family meals provide structure, promote positive eating behaviors, and offer opportunities for modeling healthy food choices. Vitamin supplementation (Choice A) may be beneficial but is not as strongly linked to healthy eating habits as family meal frequency. The number of hours of sleep (Choice B) is important for overall health but is not as directly associated with healthy eating behaviors in teenagers. Dieting in adolescence (Choice C) can sometimes lead to unhealthy eating patterns and is not necessarily linked to consistently healthy food choices.