the process of is used to increase the probability that a behavior will occur
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Psychology 101 Final Exam

1. The process of ________ is used to increase the probability that a behavior will occur.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is reinforcement. Reinforcement involves providing a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Operant conditioning (Choice A) refers to learning through consequences for behavior, which includes reinforcement and punishment. Classical conditioning (Choice C) involves forming associations between stimuli and involuntary responses. Punishment (Choice D) involves providing a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. In this context, the question specifically asks about a process that increases the probability of a behavior occurring, aligning with the concept of reinforcement.

2. Albert has brown eyes, even though one of his biological parents has blue eyes. Genes for blue eyes are part of Albert's ___.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Albert's genotype refers to the genetic makeup inherited from his parents, which includes the genes for blue eyes. The phenotype, on the other hand, is the observable trait, in this case, brown eyes. Therefore, the correct answer is C. Choice A (Phenotype) is incorrect as it refers to the observable characteristics, not the genetic information. Choice B (Zygote) is incorrect as it refers to the initial stage of a developing organism. Choice D (Environment) is incorrect as it does not directly determine eye color.

3. Which field of psychology studies attitude change and group behavior?

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Social psychology. Social psychology specifically focuses on studying topics like attitude change and group behavior. Developmental psychology (Choice A) primarily deals with human growth and development across the lifespan. Psychoanalysis (Choice C) is a theoretical approach to psychology developed by Sigmund Freud focusing on the unconscious mind and childhood experiences. Psychometrics (Choice D) involves the measurement of psychological variables such as intelligence, personality traits, and abilities.

4. What impact do parenting styles have on child development?

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Permissive parenting is associated with positive developmental outcomes because it involves warmth and a lack of strict control. Authoritarian parenting, as mentioned in choice A, is characterized by strict rules and harsh discipline, which may not lead to the best developmental outcomes. Neglectful parenting, as in choice C, involves a lack of responsiveness and support, which can have detrimental effects on a child's development. Choice D is incorrect because different parenting styles can have varying impacts on child development.

5. What would a humanist most likely say about Manny's passivity?

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Humanists believe in the inherent goodness and potential of individuals. They would most likely say that Manny can become more assertive by improving his self-esteem and recognizing his abilities. Choice A is incorrect because humanists focus on self-actualization rather than deep-seated feelings of inferiority. Choice C is incorrect as it oversimplifies the issue by suggesting a training class can solve the problem without addressing underlying beliefs. Choice D is incorrect as it suggests a psychoanalytic approach, while humanists usually emphasize personal growth and self-improvement.

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