Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following suggestions is the healthiest for Miguel, who is always hungry and never seems to feel full despite eating enough calories?

• A. Switch out energy-dense foods with more nutrient-dense foods that are more likely to make him feel full
• B. Drink adequate amounts of water
• C. A, B
• D. Eat foods with more fat, as fat slows gastric emptying and will make him feel more full

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is A and B. Switching to more nutrient-dense foods can help Miguel feel full despite eating enough calories. Nutrient-dense foods provide essential nutrients and are more satisfying. Drinking adequate water is also crucial for overall health and can help with feelings of fullness. Choice D is incorrect because while fat can contribute to satiety, it should be consumed in balance with other nutrients. Consuming foods with high fat content excessively may lead to other health issues and does not address the underlying problem of feeling constantly hungry despite eating.

2. Much of the research investigating probiotics and intestinal illness has focused on the prevention and treatment of _____.

• A. irritable bowel syndrome
• B. Crohn's disease
• C. diverticulitis
• D. infectious diarrhea

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is 'D: infectious diarrhea.' Research has extensively explored the use of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of infectious diarrhea. Probiotics can aid in restoring the balance of gut flora, thereby reducing symptoms. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because while probiotics may have some benefits for these conditions, the primary focus of research in relation to probiotics and intestinal illness has been on infectious diarrhea.

3. Why is a pulse oximeter attached to Mr. Dizon's finger?

• A. To determine if the patient's hemoglobin level is low and if he requires a blood transfusion
• B. To check the level of the patient's tissue perfusion
• C. To measure the effectiveness of the patient's anti-hypertensive medications
• D. To detect oxygen saturation of arterial blood before symptoms of hypoxemia develop

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A pulse oximeter is used to detect the oxygen saturation levels in arterial blood before the onset of hypoxemia symptoms. This device provides essential information about the effectiveness of oxygen transportation to the body's tissues. Choice A is incorrect because a pulse oximeter does not directly measure hemoglobin levels nor determine the need for a blood transfusion. Choice B is incorrect because a pulse oximeter is designed specifically to assess oxygen saturation, not tissue perfusion. Choice C is incorrect because a pulse oximeter is not used to measure the efficacy of anti-hypertensive medications, but rather to monitor oxygen levels in the blood.

4. What is the approximate energy value of alcohol?

• A. 3 kcal/g
• B. 7 kcal/g
• C. 10 kcal/g
• D. 25 kcal/g

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 7 kcal/g. Alcohol provides approximately 7 kilocalories per gram, making it a significant source of energy or 'empty calories' in the diet that do not contain any nutrients. 'Empty calories' refer to the calorie content without the presence of essential nutrients. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. The energy values of 3 kcal/g, 10 kcal/g, and 25 kcal/g are not accurate for alcohol; instead, they may pertain to other nutrients such as carbohydrates (approximately 4 kcal/g), fats (approximately 9 kcal/g), and oils (approximately 9 kcal/g).

5. Which vitamin is primarily obtained from sunlight exposure?

• A. Vitamin A
• B. Vitamin C
• C. Vitamin D
• D. Vitamin E

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is Vitamin D. Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight. This process allows the body to produce Vitamin D naturally. Vitamin A (Choice A) is found in foods like liver and carrots and is not primarily obtained from sunlight. Vitamin C (Choice B) is commonly found in fruits and vegetables. Vitamin E (Choice D) is present in foods like nuts and seeds and is not primarily obtained from sunlight.

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