Nursing Elites

1. Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory, information processing, and Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory all stress __________.

• A. nature over nurture
• B. changes in thinking
• C. unconscious motives and drives
• D. the effects of punishment and reinforcement on behavior Answer: B Page Ref: 26 Skill Level: Understand development. Topic: Comparing and Evaluating Theories Difficulty Level: Difficult

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory, information processing, and Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory all stress changes in thinking. These theories focus on how cognitive abilities develop over time, emphasizing the growth and transformation of thinking processes rather than static traits or characteristics.

2. The more a mental ability depends on __________ intelligence, the earlier it starts to decline.

• A. fluid
• B. crystallized
• C. emotional
• D. cultural

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: fluid. Fluid intelligence, which involves problem-solving and reasoning, tends to decline earlier than crystallized intelligence. Crystallized intelligence, on the other hand, involves knowledge and skills acquired over time and is more stable with age. Emotional intelligence and cultural intelligence are not directly related to the decline of mental abilities mentioned in the question, making them incorrect choices.

3. According to Erikson, __________ occurs when aging adults feel they have made many wrong decisions, yet time is too short to find an alternate route to integrity.

• A. mistrust
• B. despair
• C. stagnation
• D. isolation

Correct answer: B

Rationale: According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, despair is the stage that aging adults face when they reflect on their life and feel they have not achieved their goals, with little time left to correct their mistakes. Mistrust (choice A) is associated with infancy, stagnation (choice C) with middle adulthood, and isolation (choice D) with young adulthood, and are not relevant to the described scenario of aging adults reflecting on their life decisions.

4. During the period of the embryo, the __________ becomes the __________.

• A. mesoderm; nervous system, lungs, internal organs, and skin
• B. chorion; endocrine system, muscles, placenta, and skeleton
• C. ectoderm; circulatory system, skin, skeleton, and internal organs
• D. endoderm; digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands Answer: D Page Ref: 78 Skill Level: Remember Topic: Prenatal Development Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: D

Rationale: During the period of the embryo, the endoderm becomes the digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands. The endoderm is one of the primary germ layers that give rise to various internal organs in the developing embryo. It plays a crucial role in the formation of organs such as the digestive system, respiratory system, and glandular structures.

5. Three-month-old Jefferson will probably listen longer to __________ than to __________.

• A. pure tones; voices
• B. pure tones; noises
• C. human speech; nonspeech sounds
• D. a foreign language; his native language

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Three-month-old Jefferson will likely listen longer to human speech compared to nonspeech sounds because infants have a natural preference for speech sounds. This preference is believed to be attributed to their biological readiness to learn language and communicate with others. Choice A is incorrect because voices are a form of human speech, which is preferred over pure tones. Choice B is incorrect as noises do not necessarily engage infants' attention as effectively as human speech. Choice D is incorrect because Jefferson is more likely to listen longer to his native language rather than a foreign language at this early age.

Similar Questions