Nursing Elites

1. John Watson argued that psychologists should?

• A. Use the method of introspection to establish the structural aspects of consciousness.
• B. Be concerned with the purposiveness (function) of behavior.
• C. Confine their work to people who are diagnosed as mentally ill.
• D. Abandon the study of consciousness.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: John Watson was a key figure in the development of behaviorism, which advocated for focusing on observable behavior rather than the study of consciousness. Choice D is the correct answer because Watson believed that psychology should abandon the study of consciousness. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because Watson's approach emphasized behavior and rejected the importance of consciousness, introspection, or confining psychology to only mentally ill individuals.

2. In a breech presentation, how is the infant positioned for delivery?

• A. Is too large to be delivered vaginally.
• B. Is delivered feet or bottom first.
• C. Is delivered head first.
• D. Appears face down.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In a breech presentation, the infant is positioned to be delivered feet or bottom first. This is because the baby's pelvis or feet enter the birth canal before the head. Therefore, choice B is correct. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because a breech presentation specifically refers to the baby being positioned feet or bottom first, not head first, face down, or being too large for vaginal delivery.

3. Which theoretical viewpoint is most closely associated with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow?

• A. Cognitive approach.
• B. Humanism.
• C. Structuralism.
• D. Biological approach.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Humanism. Humanism, associated with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, emphasizes personal growth and self-actualization. The cognitive approach (choice A) focuses on mental processes such as thinking and memory, not specifically associated with Rogers and Maslow. Structuralism (choice C) is a historical school of psychology that aimed to identify the structures of consciousness, not linked to Rogers and Maslow. The biological approach (choice D) emphasizes the influence of biology on behavior, also not directly associated with Rogers and Maslow.

4. During conception, the 23 unpaired chromosomes in the ovum and sperm combine to form 23 pairs in an entirely new cell called the?

• A. Embryo
• B. DNA
• C. Fetus
• D. Zygote

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Zygote. A zygote is formed when the 23 chromosomes from the ovum and sperm combine during conception. It is the initial cell formed and marks the beginning of a new organism. Choice A, Embryo, is incorrect as an embryo is formed later in the development process. Choice B, DNA, is incorrect as DNA is the genetic material within the chromosomes but is not the name of the new cell formed after fertilization. Choice C, Fetus, is incorrect as a fetus is the stage of prenatal development that occurs well after the zygote stage.

5. What is a set of age norms defining a sequence of life experiences that is considered normal in a given culture and that all individuals in that culture are expected to follow, which may lead to ____?

• A. Normative age-graded influence; sexism
• B. Social clock; ageism
• C. Critical period; normative age-graded influence
• D. Sensitive period

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Social clock; ageism. A social clock refers to the normal sequence of life events in a culture, and not meeting these norms can result in ageism. Choice A is incorrect because normative age-graded influence is not directly related to sexism. Choice C is incorrect as critical period refers to specific time frames for development, not a set of age norms. Choice D, sensitive period, does not directly relate to the concept described in the question.

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