Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following has the greatest effect on an increase in body weight?

• A. Carbohydrate intake
• B. Protein intake
• C. Fat intake
• D. Total kilocalories

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Total kilocalories have the greatest effect on body weight as they represent the overall energy intake from all macronutrients combined. While the consumption of specific macronutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats can affect weight management, the total calories consumed play the most significant role in determining body weight. Therefore, choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they focus on individual macronutrients rather than the overall energy balance provided by total kilocalories.

2. Which set of guidelines is intended to assess nutrient adequacy or plan intakes of population groups, not individuals?

• A. Old Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)
• B. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
• C. New Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)
• D. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is specifically designed to assess nutrient adequacy or plan intakes for population groups, not for individuals. The Old and New Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) are meant for individuals, not groups, as they provide guidelines for specific nutrient intake levels for healthy individuals. The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is used to set the highest level of nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects for most individuals in a group, which is different from assessing nutrient adequacy for groups.

3. In a patient with osteoporosis, which mineral is essential to prevent further bone loss?

• A. Iron
• B. Phosphorus
• C. Magnesium
• D. Calcium

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Calcium is crucial in preventing bone loss in patients with osteoporosis.

4. How do foods or supplements containing significant amounts of plant sterols help lower LDL cholesterol levels?

• A. reducing cholesterol synthesis
• B. suppressing inflammation
• C. reducing blood clotting
• D. interfering with cholesterol and bile absorption

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Plant sterols interfere with cholesterol and bile absorption in the intestines. This interference helps lower LDL cholesterol levels by reducing the amount of cholesterol that enters the bloodstream. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because plant sterols primarily work by interfering with cholesterol and bile absorption, not by reducing cholesterol synthesis, suppressing inflammation, or reducing blood clotting.

5. What is the end product of lipid digestion?

• A. fatty acid
• B. sucrose
• C. monosaccharide
• D. amino acid

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, fatty acid. During the process of lipid digestion, triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. These end products are then absorbed into the bloodstream or lymphatic system for further processing. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because sucrose is a disaccharide, monosaccharide is a simple sugar unit, and amino acid is a building block of proteins, not the end product of lipid digestion.

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