Nursing Elites

1. How does stress impact brain function?

• A. Stress has no effect on brain function.
• B. Stress can lead to changes in brain structure and function.
• C. Stress can improve brain function.
• D. Stress has no long-term impact on brain function.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Stress can lead to changes in brain structure and function, affecting mental health and increasing the risk of disorders. Choice A is incorrect as stress does affect brain function. Choice C is incorrect as stress generally has negative impacts on brain function rather than improving it. Choice D is incorrect because stress can have long-term impacts on brain function through structural and functional changes.

2. David believes that characters in a popular science fiction show are secretly sending him messages. This would be an example of a delusion of?

• A. Persecution
• B. Influence
• C. Reference
• D. Grandeur

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Reference. A delusion of reference is when an individual believes that external events or characters are sending them personal messages. In this scenario, David's belief that characters from the science fiction show are sending him messages aligns with a delusion of reference. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because persecution delusions involve feeling targeted or harassed, influence delusions involve believing external forces are controlling one's thoughts or actions, and grandeur delusions involve an exaggerated sense of importance or power.

3. Jason, a 4-year-old boy, believes that it gets cloudy and rainy every time he is sad. He concluded that his sadness is the cause of the bad weather. This tendency is known as?

• A. Irreversibility
• B. Centration
• C. Animism
• D. Transduction

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Transduction. Transduction refers to when a child believes that their feelings or actions cause unrelated events, such as a child thinking their sadness causes rain. Choice A, Irreversibility, is incorrect as it relates to the belief that actions cannot be undone, which is more related to conservation tasks in Piaget's theory. Choice B, Centration, refers to the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation, overlooking other relevant aspects. Choice C, Animism, is the attribution of lifelike qualities to inanimate objects, which is not applicable in this scenario.

4. Which of the following perspectives focuses on social determinants of behavior?

• A. The attachment perspective
• B. The interpersonal perspective
• C. The humanistic perspective
• D. The existential perspective

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The interpersonal perspective focuses on social determinants of behavior, emphasizing the impact of social interactions, relationships, and communication on an individual's behavior. This perspective looks at how people's behavior is influenced by their interactions with others and the social environment. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not primarily focus on social determinants of behavior. The attachment perspective is concerned with emotional bonds between individuals, the humanistic perspective emphasizes personal growth and self-fulfillment, and the existential perspective focuses on individual freedom and responsibility in creating meaning in life.

5. Who took the position that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes and tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes?

• A. Sigmund Freud
• B. B.F. Skinner
• C. Carl Rogers
• D. Abraham Maslow

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B.F. Skinner. Skinner proposed the theory of operant conditioning, where behavior is shaped by its consequences. Positive outcomes increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, while neutral or negative outcomes decrease it. Sigmund Freud (choice A) is known for his psychoanalytic theory, Carl Rogers (choice C) for person-centered therapy, and Abraham Maslow (choice D) for the hierarchy of needs.

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