Nursing Elites

1. Fat-soluble vitamins are different from water-soluble vitamins because the body is able to store only small amounts of fat-soluble vitamins.

• A. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
• B. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
• C. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
• D. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. A major difference between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins is that the body is able to store larger amounts of fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamins A and D are stored for long periods; therefore, minor shortages might not be identified until drastic depletion has occurred. Observable signs and symptoms of a dietary deficiency are often not identified until they are in an advanced state. Water-soluble vitamins, on the other hand, are not stored in the body and are excreted in the urine if taken in excess, making it harder to reach toxic levels.

2. Does the reduction in oxidative damage that occurs with energy restriction in animals also occur in people whose diets include _____?

• A. fiber and carbohydrates
• B. fatty acids and protein
• C. probiotics
• D. antioxidants and phytochemicals

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is 'antioxidants and phytochemicals'. Antioxidants and phytochemicals help reduce oxidative damage in the body, contributing to healthy aging and a lower risk of chronic diseases. This is the same effect observed in animals when their energy intake is restricted. The other choices are incorrect as there is no direct evidence connecting reduced oxidative damage with diets high in fiber and carbohydrates, fatty acids and protein, or probiotics.

3. A nurse is providing teaching about formula feeding to the parents of an infant. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include?

• A. Formula that remains in the bottle should not be used for one more feeding.
• B. Formula should be changed to whole milk when the infant is 12 months old.
• C. If the infant is gaining weight too rapidly, do not dilute the formula.
• D. If the infant turns away after taking most of the feeding, stop the feeding.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: If the infant turns away after taking most of the feeding, it indicates they are full, and continuing to feed may lead to overfeeding. Choice A is incorrect because it is not safe to use formula that remains in the bottle for another feeding due to the risk of bacterial contamination. Choice B is incorrect as whole milk should be introduced after the infant is 12 months old, not 9 months old. Choice C is incorrect as diluting formula can compromise the infant's nutrition and should not be done without healthcare provider guidance.

4. Low levels of physical activity are more commonly associated with which type of cancer?

• A. Esophageal cancer
• B. Pancreatic cancer
• C. Lung cancer
• D. Colon cancer

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Low physical activity is most strongly associated with an increased risk of colon cancer. Regular exercise helps regulate bowel movements and reduce inflammation, which are factors that can contribute to the development of colon cancer. Esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, and lung cancer are not as directly linked to low levels of physical activity.

5. A nurse is teaching a client about strategies to prevent constipation. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching?

• A. Drinking four to five glasses of water per day will prevent constipation.
• B. I should consume mineral oil once per day.
• C. Eating foods high in fiber will make elimination easier.
• D. I can skip a meal if I feel bloated.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. Eating foods high in fiber increases stool bulk and promotes easier elimination, thus preventing constipation. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Drinking water is important, but the emphasis should be on high-fiber foods. Mineral oil is not a recommended first-line treatment for constipation, and skipping meals can disrupt regular bowel movements, potentially leading to constipation.

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