Nursing Elites

1. What is the form in which energy from excess intake of proteins, fats, alcohol, and carbohydrates is stored?

• A. Protein
• B. Fat
• C. Carbohydrates
• D. Alcohol

Correct answer: B

Rationale: When the body consumes more energy than it needs, the surplus is stored as fat, regardless of whether the energy source was proteins, fats, alcohol, or carbohydrates. This is why the correct answer is 'Fat'. Other choices are incorrect because, in excess intake situations, the body does not store surplus energy as proteins, carbohydrates, or alcohol.

2. Which of the following terms describes the amount of blood ejected per heartbeat?

• A. Stroke volume
• B. Cardiac output
• C. Ejection fraction
• D. Afterload

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Stroke volume. Stroke volume refers to the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle in one contraction. Choice B, Cardiac output, is the total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute and is calculated by multiplying stroke volume by heart rate. Choice C, Ejection fraction, is the percentage of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat. Choice D, Afterload, refers to the pressure or resistance that the ventricles must overcome to eject blood during systole. Therefore, in the context of the question, the term that specifically describes the amount of blood ejected per heartbeat is stroke volume.

3. What would a diet manual most likely contain?

• A. Procedures for disinfecting cooking surfaces
• B. Staff sanitation guidelines
• C. Information on specific patients' resting metabolic rates
• D. Specific food preparation methods

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A diet manual typically contains guidance on specific food preparation methods to ensure proper nutrition and health for individuals following the diet. Therefore, choice D is correct. Choices A and B refer to sanitation procedures and staff hygiene issues, which are important but not typically the focus of a diet manual. Choice C, regarding specific patients' resting metabolic rates, is too individualized and detailed for a general diet manual, as it would be part of a personalized dietary plan developed with a healthcare professional.

4. For a client with metabolic syndrome, which dietary change is most beneficial?

• A. Increase intake of refined sugars
• B. Decrease intake of trans fats
• C. Increase intake of red meat
• D. Decrease intake of whole grains

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Decreasing trans fats helps manage metabolic syndrome by improving lipid profiles.

5. Which enzyme is most essential for hydrolyzing large protein molecules?

• A. Gastric lipase
• B. Pepsin
• C. Mucus
• D. Intrinsic factor

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Pepsin, choice B, is the correct answer as it is a proteolytic enzyme that is essential for the breakdown of large protein molecules in the stomach. Gastric lipase, choice A, is incorrect because it primarily targets fats, not proteins, hence it is not involved in protein hydrolysis. Mucus, choice C, is incorrect as it serves to protect the stomach lining from acidic gastric juices and does not play a direct role in protein digestion. Intrinsic factor, choice D, is incorrect as it is vital for the absorption of Vitamin B12 in the small intestine and doesn't participate in the process of hydrolyzing proteins.

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