Nursing Elites

1. Dr. Langley's work is devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan. Dr. Langley's field of study is __________.

• A. genetics
• B. clinical psychology
• C. adolescent development
• D. developmental science

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Dr. Langley's work being focused on understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan aligns with the field of developmental science, which studies how individuals grow and change from birth through old age. This field encompasses the study of physical, cognitive, social, emotional, and other aspects of development across the lifespan. Choice A, genetics, primarily focuses on the study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation, which is not directly related to understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan. Choice B, clinical psychology, concentrates on the diagnosis and treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders rather than the broader study of development across the lifespan. Choice C, adolescent development, is more specific and limited in scope compared to the comprehensive study of development across the entire lifespan, which is the focus of developmental science.

2. During the second month of pregnancy, __________.

• A. the umbilical cord first appears as a primitive body stalk
• B. touch sensitivity extends to most of the body
• C. the heart develops separate chambers
• D. the heartbeat can be heard through a stethoscope

Correct answer: C

Rationale: During the second month of pregnancy, the heart of the developing fetus begins to develop separate chambers, forming the structure necessary for a fully functioning heart. This is a significant milestone in the prenatal development process. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the appearance of the umbilical cord as a primitive body stalk typically occurs around week 5-6, touch sensitivity extending to most of the body is more characteristic of the end of the second trimester, and the heartbeat is usually detectable through a stethoscope around the 18th to 20th week of pregnancy, not during the second month.

3. Depression __________.

• A. declines with age
• B. responds to treatment that is completely covered by Medicare
• C. is rarely related to physical illness or pain
• D. can lead to cognitive deterioration

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: 'can lead to cognitive deterioration.' Depression, particularly in older adults, can significantly impair cognitive function, leading to further mental health challenges. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Depression does not necessarily decline with age, treatment coverage may vary, and depression can indeed be related to physical illness or pain.

4. Although Justin spent his first 18 months in an orphanage, his adoptive mother believes that sensitive caregiving will help Justin overcome his early experiences. Justin's mother emphasizes the role of __________ in development.

• A. nurture
• B. stages
• C. stability
• D. nature

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, nurture. Nurture refers to the environmental influences that shape behavior and development. In this scenario, Justin's adoptive mother believes that providing sensitive caregiving will override the negative effects of his early experiences in the orphanage, highlighting the importance of nurture in promoting healthy development. Choice B, stages, is incorrect as it refers to the sequence of developmental milestones individuals pass through. Choice C, stability, is incorrect as it pertains to the consistency of behavior or development over time. Choice D, nature, is incorrect as it relates to genetic and biological factors influencing development, which is not the focus of Justin's mother's beliefs.

5. Piaget's critics point out that __________.

• A. he overestimated the competencies of infants and young children
• B. his stagewise account pays insufficient attention to social and cultural influences
• C. discovery learning rather than adult teaching is the best way to foster development
• D. children's performances on Piagetian tasks cannot be improved with training

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Piaget's critics point out that his stagewise account pays insufficient attention to social and cultural influences. Critics argue that Piaget's theory does not fully consider the impact of social interactions, cultural differences, and individual experiences on children's cognitive development. They believe that these factors play a crucial role in shaping a child's thinking and problem-solving abilities, which should be given more emphasis. Choice A is incorrect because Piaget's critics do not focus on him overestimating the competencies of infants and young children. Choice C is incorrect as it discusses a different aspect of learning rather than the critique of Piaget's theory. Choice D is also incorrect since critics do not argue that children's performances on Piagetian tasks cannot be improved with training.

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