Nursing Elites

1. According to operant conditioning theory, __________.

• A. the frequency of a behavior can be increased through punishment, such as disapproval
• B. normal development must be understood in relation to each culture's life situation
• C. the id develops as parents insist that children conform to the values of society
• D. the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforcers

Correct answer: D

Rationale: According to operant conditioning theory, the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforcers. In operant conditioning, behaviors are shaped through reinforcement, which can be positive (rewarding) or negative (removal of something unpleasant). By providing reinforcement following a behavior, the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future is increased. This supports the notion that the frequency of a behavior can be increased by using reinforcers in operant conditioning. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because operant conditioning focuses on the relationship between behavior and its consequences through reinforcement (positive or negative) to increase the likelihood of the behavior recurring, rather than punishment, cultural influences, or the development of the id based on societal values.

2. As a generation, the baby boomers are __________ than any previous mid- or late-life cohort.

• A. healthier, but less educated
• B. more educated, but less wealthy
• C. more self-focused, but less healthy
• D. healthier, better educated, and financially better off Answer: D Page Ref: 13 Box: CULTURAL INFLUENCES: The Baby Boomers Reshape the Life Course Skill Level: Remember Topic: The Lifespan Perspective: A Balanced Point of View Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The baby boomers are healthier, better educated, and financially better off than any previous mid- or late-life cohort. This generation has generally enjoyed higher levels of education, advancements in healthcare, and increased economic opportunities, leading to improved overall well-being compared to earlier generations.

3. What did John Bowlby believe?

• A. Adults and more expert peers help children master culturally meaningful activities.
• B. The infant-caregiver bond has lifelong consequences for human relationships.
• C. Parents and infants are both instinctively attached to each other.
• D. Attachment patterns are difficult to study in humans.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: John Bowlby believed that the infant-caregiver bond has lifelong consequences for human relationships. This is supported by his theory of attachment, where he emphasized the importance of early attachment experiences in shaping individuals' future relationships. Choice A is incorrect as it does not reflect Bowlby's main focus on attachment theory. Choice C is incorrect as Bowlby's theory suggests that attachment is more than just instinctual. Choice D is also incorrect as Bowlby's work actually paved the way for the study of attachment patterns in humans.

4. Kathryn would like to give birth in a medical facility that permits maternal control over labor and delivery, including choice of delivery positions, and allows the presence of family members and friends. Kathryn should consider giving birth at a __________.

• A. private home
• B. local hospital
• C. doula center
• D. freestanding birth center

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Kathryn should consider giving birth at a freestanding birth center. Freestanding birth centers provide a setting where women can have more control over their labor and delivery experience, including the choice of delivery positions, the presence of family members and friends, and involvement in decision-making throughout the process. These centers offer a more home-like environment compared to hospitals while still providing access to medical support if needed. Choices A (private home) and B (local hospital) do not necessarily guarantee the level of control and facilities Kathryn seeks. While a doula center (Choice C) can provide additional support during labor, it may not offer the same level of medical facilities and control over the birthing process as a freestanding birth center.

5. Dr. Rizvi studies the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing person's cognitive processing and behavior patterns. She is part of a group of researchers from the fields of psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine. This approach to development is known as __________.

• A. behaviorism
• B. cognitive-development theory
• C. the information-processing approach
• D. developmental cognitive neuroscience

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Dr. Rizvi's approach to development, involving studying the relationship between changes in the brain and cognitive processing and behavior patterns, aligns with developmental cognitive neuroscience. This field combines research from various disciplines to understand how brain development influences cognitive processes and behaviors. Choice A, behaviorism, focuses on observable behaviors influenced by external stimuli. Choice B, cognitive-development theory, emphasizes cognitive growth stages. Choice C, the information-processing approach, centers on how individuals perceive, store, and retrieve information.

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