Nursing Elites

1. Dr. Kostel believes that development takes place in stages. This belief is consistent with the __________ perspective.

• A. nurture
• B. continuous
• C. discontinuous
• D. nature

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Dr. Kostel's belief in stage-based development aligns with the discontinuous perspective, which sees development as a series of distinct stages. The continuous perspective (choice B) suggests development as a smooth and gradual process without distinct stages. The nature perspective (choice D) focuses on genetic and hereditary influences on development. The nurture perspective (choice A) emphasizes the impact of environment and upbringing on development, which is not directly related to the belief in stage-based development.

2. An inadequate diet during pregnancy can __________.

• A. lead to higher birth weight and greater brain weight
• B. reduce the risk of pregnancy-induced maternal diabetes
• C. distort the structure of the liver, kidney, and pancreas
• D. lead to fewer physical discomforts in the final weeks Answer: C Page Ref: 88 Skill Level: Understand Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: C

Rationale: An inadequate diet during pregnancy can lead to the distortion of the structure of the liver, kidney, and pancreas in the developing fetus. Proper nutrition during pregnancy is crucial for the healthy development of these organs and essential for the overall well-being of the baby. A balanced diet supports optimal growth and development, while inadequate nutrition can have detrimental effects on the baby's organs and long-term health.

3. The effects of stress on the developing organism can be greatly reduced if the expectant mother __________.

• A. has access to social support during stressful periods
• B. takes a low dose of anti-anxiety medication
• C. takes a folic acid supplement early in pregnancy
• D. is placed on bed rest during the last trimester

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Having access to social support during stressful periods can greatly reduce the effects of stress on the developing organism. Social support can provide emotional comfort, practical assistance, and a sense of belonging, which can help the expectant mother cope with stress more effectively. This support system can also help mitigate the negative impact of stress on the developing baby during pregnancy. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because while folic acid is important for prenatal health, it does not directly address the effects of stress. Taking anti-anxiety medication should be done under medical supervision and as a last resort due to potential risks to the developing baby. Bed rest during the last trimester is not a solution to reduce the effects of stress and may not address the underlying causes of stress.

4. The influence of situational factors on moral judgments indicates that like Piaget's cognitive stages, Kohlberg's moral stages are __________.

• A. predictable and universal
• B. highly organized and sequential
• C. attained in a neat, stepwise fashion
• D. loosely organized and overlapping

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Kohlberg's moral stages are not strictly sequential but rather overlap and are more fluid, much like Piaget's cognitive stages. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because Kohlberg's stages do not follow a neat, predictable, or highly organized pattern, as they can be revisited and experienced in varying orders.

5. Which statement about a blastocyst is true?

• A. It consists of a single cell.
• B. It is a structure that feeds the developing organism.
• C. Between the seventh and ninth days, it burrows deep into the uterine lining.
• D. It is a membrane that helps to keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The statement that is true about a blastocyst is that between the seventh and ninth days, it burrows deep into the uterine lining. This process, known as implantation, is essential for the blastocyst to establish a connection with the mother's body and receive nutrients for further development. It is a critical stage in prenatal development and sets the foundation for pregnancy. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. A blastocyst is not a single cell but rather a structure composed of many cells. It is not a structure that feeds the developing organism; instead, it implants in the uterine lining to receive nutrients. It is not a membrane that regulates temperature but plays a crucial role in the initial stages of pregnancy by implanting in the uterus.

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