Nursing Elites

1. Charles has suffered from schizophrenia for many years and now resides in a group treatment facility. One day a nurse approaches him and quietly tells him that his sister, who has been fighting cancer for many months, died that morning. Charles has no appreciable facial reaction and in a very monotone voice says, 'okay.' The nurse is not surprised by Charles's lack of response to the awful news because she knows that _________ is one symptom often seen in those suffering from schizophrenia?

• A. Clang associations
• B. Echolalia
• C. Blunted affect
• D. Perseveration

Correct answer: C

Rationale: In individuals with schizophrenia, blunted affect, or reduced emotional expression, is a common symptom. In this scenario, Charles's lack of emotional response upon hearing about his sister's death aligns with the characteristic of blunted affect. This symptom can manifest as a limited range of facial expressions, monotone voice, and reduced display of emotions. Choice A, 'Clang associations,' refers to a thought disorder characterized by the use of words that sound alike but are not logically connected. Choice B, 'Echolalia,' is the repetition of words spoken by others. Choice D, 'Perseveration,' is the persistent repetition of a response or behavior even when it is no longer appropriate.

2. What are substances, such as viruses and drugs, that can cause birth defects?

• A. Teratogens
• B. Placenta
• C. Parturition
• D. Androgens

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Teratogens are substances that can cause birth defects, especially if exposure occurs during critical periods of development. In this context, teratogens refer to external agents that can interfere with the development of the embryo or fetus, leading to structural or functional abnormalities. Choice B, Placenta, is incorrect as it is an organ that develops during pregnancy to provide nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and remove waste products. Choice C, Parturition, refers to the process of giving birth and is not related to substances that cause birth defects. Choice D, Androgens, are male sex hormones and are not associated with causing birth defects.

3. What does the genetic study of identical twins reared apart help to clarify?

• A. Differences in brain function
• B. Genetic influence on behavior
• C. Interaction between genetics and environment
• D. The role of environmental factors alone

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'Interaction between genetics and environment.' The genetic study of identical twins reared apart helps in understanding how both genetics and environment play a role in shaping an individual's traits and behaviors. This type of study allows researchers to tease apart the effects of genetic inheritance from those of environmental influences. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the study of identical twins reared apart specifically focuses on the interplay between genetics and environment, rather than solely on differences in brain function, genetic influence on behavior, or the role of environmental factors alone.

4. Who is credited with establishing psychology as a distinct scientific field, separate from other disciplines?

• A. G. Stanley Hall
• B. René Descartes
• C. William James
• D. Wilhelm Wundt

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Wilhelm Wundt is the correct answer as he is credited with establishing psychology as a distinct scientific field. Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated to experimental psychology in 1879, which marked the beginning of psychology as a separate discipline. While the other individuals mentioned in the choices have made significant contributions to the field of psychology, Wilhelm Wundt is specifically known for his pioneering work in establishing psychology as a unique and independent discipline.

5. Sigmund Freud developed an innovative procedure for treating people with psychological problems, which he called?

• A. Behavior modification.
• B. Primal therapy.
• C. Psychoanalysis.
• D. Rational-emotive therapy.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, not behavior modification, primal therapy, or rational-emotive therapy, as an innovative method for treating psychological problems. Psychoanalysis focuses on exploring unconscious motivations to understand and address psychological disorders, making it the correct answer. Behavior modification involves changing behavior through conditioning techniques, primal therapy emphasizes expressing repressed emotions, and rational-emotive therapy aims to identify and change irrational beliefs.

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