Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is a normal change observed in an elderly individual?

• A. Enhanced sense of taste
• B. Increased appetite
• C. Frequent urination
• D. Lens thinning

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, frequent urination. As people age, they may experience physiological changes that can lead to an increased frequency of urination. This is due to a decrease in bladder capacity and increased bladder irritability, which are normal age-related changes. On the contrary, the sense of taste (Choice A) and appetite (Choice B) often decrease with age, not increase. As for Choice D, the lens of the eye actually thickens with age, not thins, leading to conditions like presbyopia. Therefore, Choices A, B, and D are incorrect.

2. A Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) program would address which element of food service?

• A. cleaning and disinfecting of utensils
• B. developing healthy menus
• C. controlling patient calorie intake
• D. prescribing diets for patients with swallowing problems

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) programs are designed to ensure food safety by identifying and controlling potential hazards. This includes addressing the cleaning and disinfecting of utensils to prevent contamination and maintain safe food handling practices. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because HACCP primarily focuses on preventing food safety hazards rather than developing menus, controlling calorie intake, or prescribing diets for specific medical conditions.

3. Each of the following is a function of the liver except one. Which one is the exception?

• A. Regulatory control of nutrients in the bloodstream
• B. Conversion of monosaccharides to triglycerides
• C. Breakdown of polysaccharide glycogen into glucose
• D. Oxidation of digestive end products to provide energy

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. The liver does not convert monosaccharides to triglycerides; instead, it converts monosaccharides to glucose or glycogen. Choice A is correct because the liver plays a role in regulating the levels of various nutrients in the bloodstream. Choice C is correct as the liver breaks down stored glycogen into glucose to maintain blood sugar levels. Choice D is correct as the liver oxidizes digestive end products to provide energy. Therefore, only choice B is incorrect as the liver does not convert monosaccharides to triglycerides.

4. What symptom would most likely be associated with late dumping syndrome?

• A. abdominal cramps
• B. nausea
• C. diarrhea
• D. confusion

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Confusion is the most likely symptom associated with late dumping syndrome. Late dumping syndrome occurs when blood sugar levels drop rapidly after eating due to rapid gastric emptying. While abdominal cramps, nausea, and diarrhea can occur with dumping syndrome, confusion is specifically linked to late dumping syndrome due to hypoglycemia.

5. _____ neutralizes stomach acid in the small intestine:

• A. saliva
• B. gastric mucus
• C. bicarbonate ions
• D. enzymes

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: bicarbonate ions. Bicarbonate ions, secreted by the pancreas, neutralize the acidic chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach, creating a more suitable environment for digestive enzymes. Saliva (choice A) helps in the initial breakdown of food in the mouth, not in neutralizing stomach acid. Gastric mucus (choice B) protects the stomach lining from the acidic environment but does not neutralize the acid in the small intestine. Enzymes (choice D) facilitate chemical reactions in digestion but do not neutralize stomach acid.

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