Nursing Elites

1. Causes of acute renal failure include:

• A. chronic renal failure
• B. uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
• C. recurrent urinary tract infections
• D. severe injury such as extensive burns

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Severe injuries, like extensive burns, can cause acute renal failure due to shock, reduced blood flow to the kidneys, and tissue damage. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because chronic renal failure, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, and recurrent urinary tract infections are more likely to contribute to chronic kidney disease rather than acute renal failure.

2. A nurse in a long-term care facility is developing strategies to promote increased food intake for an older adult client. Which of the following interventions should the nurse implement?

• A. Offer sugar substitutes to increase the client’s appetite.
• B. Provide opportunities to eat three large meals per day.
• C. Provide entertainment while the client is eating.
• D. Offer finger foods at mealtime.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct intervention for promoting increased food intake for an older adult client is to offer finger foods at mealtime. Finger foods are easier for older adults to manage, making eating less cumbersome and more enjoyable, which can help increase overall food intake. Providing sugar substitutes (Choice A) may not necessarily increase appetite and could have negative health effects. Eating three large meals per day (Choice B) may be overwhelming and not suitable for older adults who may prefer smaller, more frequent meals. While providing entertainment (Choice C) during meals can be beneficial in some cases, it may not directly contribute to increased food intake as effectively as offering finger foods.

3. During the first 24 hours of burn, nursing measures should focus on which of the following?

• A. I and O hourly
• B. Strict aseptic technique
• C. Forced oral fluids
• D. Isolate the patient

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Patient safety and efficacy of care depend on actions rooted in established nursing protocols that consider both the immediate and long-term needs of the patient.

4. Each statement is true of vitamin K, except one. Which is the exception?

• A. Vitamin K is produced in the gut.
• B. Vitamin K functions as a catalyst for the synthesis of blood-clotting factors.
• C. Vitamin K maintains prothrombin levels.
• D. Vitamin K absorption increases with high levels of vitamin E supplementation.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Vitamin K absorption decreases with high levels of vitamin E supplementation because in larger amounts, vitamin E acts as an anticoagulant. Vitamin K is not produced in the gut but can be obtained from food sources or supplements. Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of blood-clotting factors and is crucial in maintaining prothrombin levels, which is vital for proper blood clotting. The incorrect choice, D, is misleading as high levels of vitamin E supplementation hinder vitamin K absorption due to its anticoagulant properties. Dental hygienists should be aware of the importance of vitamin K in blood clotting, especially when treating patients who are on anticoagulant medications for conditions like stroke prevention.

5. Each of the following describes the physiologic roles of water, except one. Which is the exception?

• A. Acts as a solvent for chemical reactions.
• B. Maintains stability of body fluids.
• C. Enables transport of nutrients and excretion of waste.
• D. Regulates temperature by pooling as perspiration on skin.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Water regulates body temperature by evaporating as perspiration from the skin, not by pooling. When sweat evaporates from the skin, it takes away heat, which helps cool the body. Choices A, B, and C are correct because water acts as a solvent for chemical reactions, maintains the stability of body fluids, and enables the transport of nutrients and excretion of waste, respectively.

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