Nursing Elites

1. A psychologist who studied the relationship between sociocultural factors and mental disorders would be most likely to study ________.

• A. parenting style and self-schemas.
• B. poverty and racial discrimination.
• C. peer rejection and attributional style.
• D. assimilation and accommodation.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A psychologist who studies the relationship between sociocultural factors and mental disorders would focus on factors like poverty and racial discrimination. These factors have a significant impact on mental health outcomes within different populations. Choices A, C, and D are less directly related to sociocultural factors like poverty and racial discrimination and their influence on mental disorders, making them incorrect.

2. You are taking part in a survey that asks about your attitudes toward physical punishment of children. Even though you believe that spanking is sometimes necessary, you answer that you are opposed to any sort of physical punishment. Which of the following terms best describes why you answered the way you did?

• A. Random responding
• B. Faking bad
• C. Placebo effect
• D. Social desirability

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, social desirability. Social desirability bias occurs when respondents answer questions in a way they think will be viewed favorably by others, rather than according to their true beliefs. In this scenario, the respondent may feel pressured to provide an answer that aligns with societal norms or expectations, even if it contradicts their personal beliefs. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Random responding refers to answering survey questions haphazardly, without consideration. Faking bad is intentionally providing extreme or negative responses. The placebo effect is a phenomenon where a person's belief in a treatment's effectiveness produces a positive outcome, unrelated to the treatment's actual effects.

3. _______ memory stores information about facts, whereas _______ memory stores information about our personal experiences.

• A. Declarative, episodic
• B. Episodic, semantic
• C. Semantic, nondeclarative
• D. Semantic, episodic

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: "Semantic, episodic." Semantic memory is responsible for storing factual information, such as concepts and general knowledge. Episodic memory, on the other hand, stores personal experiences and events. Choice A is incorrect because declarative memory is an umbrella term that includes both semantic and episodic memory, so it is not a direct contrast. Choice B is incorrect as it switches the definitions of episodic and semantic memory. Choice C is incorrect because nondeclarative memory refers to implicit or procedural memory, which is different from episodic memory.

4. How does the environment interact with genetic predispositions to influence mental health?

• A. The environment has no influence on mental health.
• B. The environment interacts with genetic predispositions to either enhance or mitigate mental health risks.
• C. The environment can only influence physical health, not mental health.
• D. The environment has a minimal effect on mental health outcomes.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. The environment interacts with genetic predispositions to either enhance or mitigate mental health risks. This highlights the intricate relationship between one's genetic makeup and the environmental factors they are exposed to, both contributing significantly to mental health outcomes. Choice A is incorrect as numerous studies show that the environment plays a crucial role in mental health. Choice C is incorrect as the environment can influence both physical and mental health. Choice D is incorrect as research indicates that the environment can have a substantial impact on mental health outcomes.

5. What term describes exceptional mental abilities such as mental math, memorization, musical, and artistic ability found among individuals with autism?

• A. Savant skills
• B. Theory of mind
• C. Echolalia
• D. Self-stimulatory behaviors

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Savant skills. Savant skills refer to exceptional abilities commonly observed in individuals with autism. These skills can include remarkable talents in areas such as mental math, memorization, music, and art. Choice B, Theory of mind, is the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others, which is a different concept. Choice C, Echolalia, is the repetition of words or phrases, not related to exceptional abilities. Choice D, Self-stimulatory behaviors, involves repetitive body movements or sounds often seen in individuals with autism but is not directly related to exceptional mental abilities.

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