a male patient with hypogonadism is receiving testosterone therapy what is the most serious adverse effect the nurse should monitor for

ATI RN

ATI Pathophysiology Exam 1

1. A male patient with hypogonadism is receiving testosterone therapy. What is the most serious adverse effect the nurse should monitor for?

A. Increased risk of breast cancer
B. Increased risk of cardiovascular events
C. Increased risk of liver dysfunction
D. Increased risk of prostate cancer

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Increased risk of cardiovascular events. Testosterone therapy can lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular events such as heart attacks and strokes, especially in older patients. Monitoring for signs and symptoms of cardiovascular issues is crucial when administering testosterone therapy. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because testosterone therapy does not typically lead to an increased risk of breast cancer, liver dysfunction, or prostate cancer.

2. When teaching a patient starting on oral contraceptives, what should the nurse include regarding the medication's effectiveness?

A. Oral contraceptives are 100% effective when taken correctly.
B. Oral contraceptives are effective immediately after starting.
C. Oral contraceptives are less effective if taken with certain antibiotics.
D. Oral contraceptives are less effective if taken with food.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. Oral contraceptives can be less effective when taken with certain antibiotics as they may interfere with the effectiveness of the contraceptive. It is important for patients to be aware of this interaction to consider additional contraceptive methods during antibiotic therapy. Choices A and B are incorrect as no contraceptive method is 100% effective, and oral contraceptives typically require a period of time to reach full effectiveness. Choice D is incorrect as taking oral contraceptives with food does not significantly impact their effectiveness.

3. Which of the following characterizes ductal carcinoma in situ?

A. It is less common than lobular carcinoma in situ.
B. Malignant cells have not invaded the stroma.
C. It is considered a cancer precursor.
D. Malignant cells have not invaded the stroma; it is considered a cancer precursor and has a higher risk for invasive cancer compared to lobular carcinoma in situ.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is that ductal carcinoma in situ is characterized by malignant cells that have not invaded the stroma, making it a cancer precursor with a higher risk for invasive cancer compared to lobular carcinoma in situ. Choice A is incorrect because ductal carcinoma in situ is more common than lobular carcinoma in situ. Choice B is incorrect as it only partially describes ductal carcinoma in situ without mentioning its potential for progression to invasive cancer. Choice C is incorrect because it does not capture the complete characteristics of ductal carcinoma in situ, which include the risk for invasive cancer.

4. What long-term risks should the nurse discuss with a patient starting on hormone replacement therapy (HRT)?

A. HRT is associated with increased risks of cardiovascular events and breast cancer, so these risks should be discussed with the patient.
B. HRT can improve mood and energy levels, but it also increases the risk of osteoporosis.
C. HRT can increase the risk of venous thromboembolism, so patients should undergo regular screening.
D. HRT decreases the risk of fractures, but it also increases the risk of developing diabetes.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. When starting on hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the nurse should discuss the increased risks of cardiovascular events and breast cancer with the patient. These risks are important to consider to make an informed decision. Choice B is incorrect as HRT does not increase the risk of osteoporosis; in fact, it may help prevent it. Choice C is incorrect as while HRT can increase the risk of venous thromboembolism, regular screening is not the primary focus for discussion. Choice D is incorrect as HRT does not decrease the risk of fractures and is not primarily associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes.

5. What causes type I diabetes?

A. Overproduction of insulin from the beta cells of the pancreas
B. Destruction of the beta cells within the pancreas, resulting in an inability to produce insulin
C. Loss of insulin receptors on the target cells, resulting in insulin resistance
D. A pituitary tumor in the brain, resulting in increased antidiuretic hormone production

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Type I diabetes is caused by the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas, leading to an inability to produce insulin. This results in a lack of insulin, leading to hyperglycemia. Choice A is incorrect as type I diabetes is characterized by a deficiency of insulin production, not overproduction. Choice C describes the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, where insulin receptors become less responsive to insulin. Choice D is unrelated to type I diabetes as it describes a pituitary tumor causing increased antidiuretic hormone production.