Nursing Elites

1. An inborn trait that is relatively permanent and differentiates one person from another is known as ________.

• A. genotype
• B. phenotype
• C. temperament
• D. characteristic

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Temperament is the correct answer because it refers to an individual's inborn, relatively permanent trait that distinguishes one person from another. Genotype (choice A) refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, not necessarily a behavioral trait. Phenotype (choice B) is the observable characteristics of an organism resulting from the interaction between its genotype and the environment. Characteristic (choice D) is a broad term that can encompass various traits and features, but it does not specifically denote an inborn and relatively permanent trait that sets individuals apart.

2. Which of the following is a common criticism against Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

• A. The sequence of stages is not fixed.
• B. Research has not supported the existence of the preoperational stage.
• C. Piaget put a heavy emphasis on the environment, ignoring the importance of mental processes.
• D. Children develop abilities earlier than Piaget theorized.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because one common criticism of Piaget's theory is that children often acquire cognitive abilities earlier than Piaget proposed. This criticism suggests that Piaget's stages might not be as fixed or rigid as he believed. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect: A is a characteristic of Piaget's theory; B is not a common criticism, as research generally supports the existence of Piaget's stages; and C is inaccurate, as Piaget actually emphasized the importance of mental processes in cognitive development.

3. In a discussion with your professor, she tells you that she believes that the focus of psychological study should be to break the conscious experience into its basic elements. Which of the following historical schools of thought is your professor's idea most consistent with?

• A. Behaviorism
• B. Functionalism
• C. Structuralism
• D. Psychoanalysis

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Structuralism. Structuralism, as introduced by Wundt, aimed to break down mental processes into their most basic elements. This aligns with the idea of breaking the conscious experience into its fundamental components. Choice A, Behaviorism, focuses on observable behavior and not on breaking down conscious experience. Choice B, Functionalism, emphasizes the purpose of behavior rather than breaking it down into basic elements. Choice D, Psychoanalysis, delves into unconscious processes and conflicts, which is different from breaking down conscious experiences into basic elements.

4. From the cognitive-behavioral perspective, an important limitation with the behavioral perspective is that ________.

• A. Behaviorists went too far in attacking the psychoanalytic perspective.
• B. Behaviorists failed to attend to the importance of mental processes.
• C. Behaviorists were too focused on explaining how abnormal behavior is acquired.
• D. Behaviorists underestimated the role of reinforcement.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because behaviorists, from the cognitive-behavioral perspective, are criticized for not considering the significance of mental processes. This limitation is a key point in the cognitive-behavioral perspective, which emphasizes the interplay between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not directly address the specific limitation of failing to account for mental processes in the behavioral perspective.

5. According to the diathesis-stress model, having a predisposition towards mental illness...

• A. Means that a person will surely develop a mental disorder in the future
• B. Does not affect the chances of developing a mental disorder
• C. Increases the chance that a person would have a mental disorder
• D. None of the above

Correct answer: C

Rationale: According to the diathesis-stress model, having a predisposition towards mental illness increases the risk but does not guarantee the development of a mental disorder. Choice A is incorrect as the model does not imply certainty. Choice B is incorrect as having a predisposition does affect the chances. Choice D is incorrect as the model does have an impact on the likelihood of developing a mental disorder.

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