Nursing Elites

1. Why does the selection of a theoretical perspective of mental disorders matter?

• A. Because it determines how data is interpreted, and influences treatment approaches.
• B. It matters because different perspectives offer different insights into the causes and treatments of mental disorders.
• C. The selection of a theoretical perspective is not important as all perspectives lead to the same treatment outcomes.
• D. Theoretical perspectives are only relevant for academic research, not for clinical practice.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The selection of a theoretical perspective matters because it determines how data is interpreted and influences the treatment approaches that are considered appropriate. Choice B is incorrect because different perspectives may lead to different interpretations and treatment strategies. Choice C is incorrect because different theoretical perspectives can result in varied treatment outcomes. Choice D is incorrect because theoretical perspectives play a crucial role in both academic research and clinical practice.

2. The process of ________ is used to increase the probability that a behavior will occur.

• A. operant conditioning
• B. reinforcement
• C. classical conditioning
• D. punishment

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is reinforcement. Reinforcement involves providing a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Operant conditioning (Choice A) refers to learning through consequences for behavior, which includes reinforcement and punishment. Classical conditioning (Choice C) involves forming associations between stimuli and involuntary responses. Punishment (Choice D) involves providing a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. In this context, the question specifically asks about a process that increases the probability of a behavior occurring, aligning with the concept of reinforcement.

3. Which of the following statements about brain dysfunction and psychiatric disorders is correct?

• A. Identifiable brain damage is often the cause of psychiatric disorders.
• B. Brain damage may decrease the risk of developing a psychiatric condition.
• C. Changes in brain function appear to play a role in many psychiatric disorders.
• D. Brain development can be altered by experience, always leading to changes in the brain that decrease the risk of developing a psychiatric condition.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct statement is C: 'Changes in brain function appear to play a role in many psychiatric disorders.' This statement is accurate as research suggests that alterations in brain function are associated with various psychiatric disorders. Option A is incorrect because while brain damage can contribute to some psychiatric conditions, it is not always the primary cause. Option B is incorrect as brain damage typically increases the risk of developing psychiatric disorders. Option D is incorrect because while brain development can be influenced by experiences, it does not always decrease the risk of psychiatric conditions.

4. John Bowlby's attachment theory emphasized ________.

• A. the social environment in forming attachments.
• B. the quality of parental care in forming attachments.
• C. the quality of early reinforcers and stimulation in forming attachments.
• D. the necessity of independence from parental figures in forming attachments.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: John Bowlby's attachment theory emphasized the quality of parental care in forming attachments. This is because Bowlby believed that a child's early experiences with their primary caregiver, especially the quality of care and responsiveness received, significantly influence the child's ability to form secure attachments. Choice A is incorrect because while the social environment plays a role, Bowlby's theory focused more on the caregiver-child relationship. Choice C is incorrect as it does not capture the central role of parental care highlighted in Bowlby's theory. Choice D is also incorrect as Bowlby's theory actually emphasized the importance of a secure attachment to parental figures for healthy emotional development.

5. Who took the position that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes and tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes?

• A. Sigmund Freud
• B. B.F. Skinner
• C. Carl Rogers
• D. Abraham Maslow

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B.F. Skinner. Skinner proposed the theory of operant conditioning, where behavior is shaped by its consequences. Positive outcomes increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, while neutral or negative outcomes decrease it. Sigmund Freud (choice A) is known for his psychoanalytic theory, Carl Rogers (choice C) for person-centered therapy, and Abraham Maslow (choice D) for the hierarchy of needs.

Similar Questions