Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is the best available predictor of infant survival and healthy development?

• A. Birth length
• B. Combined Apgar score
• C. Delivery date
• D. Birth weight

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Birth weight.' Birth weight is a crucial indicator of an infant's chances of survival and well-being. Low birth weight is associated with various health risks and developmental challenges. Birth length (choice A) is not as significant in predicting infant outcomes as birth weight. The Combined Apgar score (choice B) is a measure of the newborn's health status at birth, not a predictor of long-term survival and development. Delivery date (choice C) is important for determining gestational age but is not as directly related to infant survival and healthy development as birth weight.

2. Tammy's father is an exceptional gymnast. When Tammy was just a toddler, her father believed that Tammy already showed great promise as a gymnast. Tammy's father probably believes that athletic ability is mostly determined by __________.

• A. nurture
• B. stages
• C. nature
• D. early experiences

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Tammy's father likely believes that athletic ability is mostly determined by nature because he believes she showed great promise at a young age, indicating a natural talent or genetic predisposition towards gymnastics. This suggests that he attributes Tammy's abilities to her inherent qualities rather than her upbringing or experiences (nurture). While stages and early experiences can play a role in skill development, in this context, the emphasis is on innate abilities, making 'nature' the most suitable choice.

3. What are the most obvious organized patterns of behavior in a newborn baby?

• A. Reflexes
• B. States of arousal
• C. Shrill cries
• D. Sleep patterns

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Reflexes. Reflexes are automatic, involuntary responses to specific stimuli and are the most obvious organized patterns of behavior in a newborn baby. Examples of newborn reflexes include sucking, rooting, grasping, and the Moro reflex. These reflexes are crucial for the newborn's survival and overall development. Choice B, states of arousal, refers to different levels of consciousness and responsiveness, not organized behavior patterns. Choice C, shrill cries, is a form of communication and not an organized behavior pattern. Choice D, sleep patterns, while important for newborns, are not the most obvious organized behavior patterns.

4. Theorists who emphasize plasticity believe that __________.

• A. change in response to influential experiences is possible
• B. heredity, rather than the environment, influences behavior
• C. individuals who are high in anxiety as children will remain so at later ages
• D. early experiences establish a lifelong pattern of behavior

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Theorists who emphasize plasticity believe that change in response to influential experiences is possible. They argue that individuals have the capacity to adapt and change their behavior based on their experiences, rather than being limited by genetic predispositions or early childhood experiences. This perspective highlights the importance of environmental influences in shaping behavior and development. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not align with the concept of plasticity, which emphasizes the flexibility and adaptability of individuals in response to their experiences, rather than being fixed by heredity, childhood traits, or early experiences.

5. What is the most common approach to controlling pain during labor?

• A. an anesthetic
• B. a spinal block
• C. fetal monitoring
• D. epidural analgesia

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Epidural analgesia is the most common approach to controlling pain during labor. It involves the administration of pain medication through a catheter placed in the epidural space of the spine, providing pain relief while allowing the mother to remain alert and participate in the birthing process. It is preferred by many women due to its effectiveness in reducing labor pain. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not directly address pain management during labor. While an anesthetic and a spinal block are forms of pain relief, epidural analgesia is specifically the most common method used for pain control during labor.

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