Nursing Elites

1. Which set of guidelines is intended to assess nutrient adequacy or plan intake of a population group, not individuals?

• A. RDA
• B. EAR
• C. DRA
• D. UL

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the correct choice because it is specifically designed to assess the nutrient adequacy of population groups, not individuals. The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) (choice A) is the average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97%-98%) healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group. The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) (choice C) includes the EAR, RDA, Adequate Intake (AI), and UL, making it a broader set of nutrient reference values. The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) (choice D) is the highest average daily nutrient intake level that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population.

2. A client with diabetes is being taught by a nurse about the dietary source that should provide the greatest percentage of calories. Which of the following statements indicates the client understands the teaching?

• A. "Most of my calories each day should be from fats."?
• B. "I should eat more calories from complex carbohydrates than anything else."?
• C. "Simple sugars are needed more than other calorie sources."?
• D. "Protein should be my main source of calories."?

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is '"I should eat more calories from complex carbohydrates than anything else."?' Clients with diabetes should focus on complex carbohydrates as their primary calorie source because they have a lower impact on blood sugar levels compared to simple sugars or fats. Choice A is incorrect because a high intake of fats can lead to various health issues. Choice C is incorrect because simple sugars can cause rapid spikes in blood sugar levels. Choice D is incorrect as while protein is important, it should not be the main source of calories for someone with diabetes.

3. Which monosaccharide is the most sweet?

• A. Glucose
• B. Dextrose
• C. Fructose
• D. Sucrose

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Fructose is the sweetest of the monosaccharides. Note that glucose and dextrose are the same, and sucrose is a disaccharide, not a monosaccharide.

4. What level of sodium restriction would be included as part of nutrition therapy for heart failure?

• A. Less than 500 mg per day
• B. 1000 mg to 1500 mg per day
• C. 1500 mg to 3000 mg per day
• D. 3000 to 3500 mg per day

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is 1500 mg to 3000 mg per day. This is the level of sodium restriction typically recommended for heart failure patients. It helps manage fluid retention and reduce blood pressure, which are both crucial in treating heart failure. A sodium intake of less than 500 mg per day (Choice A) might be too restrictive and is not typically recommended. Similarly, an intake of 1000 mg to 1500 mg per day (Choice B) falls short of the recommended range. Lastly, an intake of 3000 to 3500 mg per day (Choice D) exceeds the recommended upper limit, potentially exacerbating fluid retention and high blood pressure.

5. Loss of smell results in a condition that limits the capacity to detect the flavor of food and beverages, called:

• A. hypergeusia
• B. dysgeusia
• C. anosmia
• D. phantom taste

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: anosmia. Anosmia refers to the loss of smell, which significantly affects the ability to detect flavors. Hypergeusia and dysgeusia, choices A and B, refer to heightened or distorted taste, respectively. 'Phantom taste' in choice D is not the correct term for the condition described in the question.

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