Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following are examples of mechanical digestion? Select all that apply.

• A. Heat
• B. Segmentation
• C. Option B and D
• D. Peristalsis

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Mechanical digestion involves physical movements that break down food in the digestive tract. Segmentation (choice B) and peristalsis (choice D), which are both movements of the muscles in the digestive tract, are examples of this type of digestion. Heat (choice A), on the other hand, is related to chemical digestion, not mechanical digestion. Therefore, choice C (Option B and D) is the correct answer as it includes both examples of mechanical digestion provided in the choices. Choices A and D are incorrect because heat (choice A) is not a mechanical digestion process, and peristalsis (choice D) is a movement that helps propel food along the digestive tract but is not directly involved in breaking down food physically.

2. Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) may be responsible for the increased incidence of noma and necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG) because these conditions are associated with depressed immune responses caused by nutritional deficiencies.

• A. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related
• B. Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related
• C. The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct
• D. The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The corrected question highlights that protein-energy malnutrition weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to conditions like noma and NUG, which are linked to compromised immunity. Choice A is correct because the statement and reason are both accurate and directly related. Protein-energy malnutrition does result in depressed immune responses, which can predispose individuals to noma and NUG. Choice B is incorrect because the statement and reason are indeed related. Choice C is incorrect as both the statement and reason are accurate. Choice D is also incorrect as the statement is correct and directly supports the reason provided.

3. What are the best food sources of magnesium?

• A. oils, bananas, and pork
• B. pizza, potatoes, and tomatoes
• C. milk, rice, and apples
• D. legumes, whole grains, and chocolate

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: legumes, whole grains, and chocolate. These foods are rich sources of magnesium, an essential mineral that plays a role in over 300 biochemical reactions in the body. Choices A, B, and C do not contain as high levels of magnesium compared to legumes, whole grains, and chocolate.

4. Which of the following are the primary bacteria involved in the initiation of dental caries?

• A. Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus species
• B. Salmonella and Listeria species
• C. Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and Salmonella species
• D. Listeria, Botulinum species, and Escherichia coli

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus species. These bacteria are primarily responsible for initiating dental caries by fermenting carbohydrates and producing acids that demineralize enamel. Choice B, Salmonella and Listeria species, are not the primary bacteria involved in dental caries. Choice C includes Salmonella which is not a primary culprit in dental caries. Choice D lists Listeria, Botulinum species, and Escherichia coli, none of which are the primary bacteria associated with initiating dental caries.

5. During the first six months of lactation, a breastfeeding mother is advised to consume how many extra kcalories per day to meet energy needs?

• A. 250
• B. 330
• C. 400
• D. 470

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A breastfeeding mother is advised to consume an additional 330 kcalories per day during the first six months to support milk production and meet increased energy needs.

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