Nursing Elites

1. What is the accumulation of fatty deposits along the walls of arteries, leading to reduced blood flow?

• A. Atherosclerosis
• B. Arteriosclerosis
• C. Aneurysm
• D. Thrombosis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Atherosclerosis is the correct answer. It refers to the buildup of fatty deposits (plaque) along the inner walls of arteries, narrowing the blood vessels and reducing blood flow. This condition can lead to serious complications such as heart attacks or strokes. Arteriosclerosis (choice B) is a broader term that refers to the thickening and hardening of the arterial walls. While related, it is not as specific as atherosclerosis in describing the fatty deposit accumulation. Aneurysm (choice C) is the abnormal bulging of an artery wall that can rupture and cause internal bleeding, not specifically related to fatty deposits. Thrombosis (choice D) is the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel, which can obstruct blood flow, but it is not directly related to the accumulation of fatty deposits.

2. What is a condition characterized by the presence of air or gas in the pleural space, leading to the collapse of the lung?

• A. Pneumothorax
• B. Pulmonary embolism
• C. Pleural effusion
• D. Atelectasis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is Pneumothorax. Pneumothorax occurs when air or gas accumulates in the pleural space, causing the lung to collapse. This condition can result in symptoms such as chest pain and difficulty breathing. Pulmonary embolism (choice B) is a blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries in the lungs, usually caused by a blood clot. Pleural effusion (choice C) is the accumulation of excess fluid in the pleural space, not air or gas. Atelectasis (choice D) refers to the collapse or closure of a lung resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange.

3. Which neurotransmitter released by the parasympathetic nervous system can decrease heart rate?

• A. Acetylcholine
• B. Norepinephrine
• C. Dopamine
• D. Serotonin

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Acetylcholine is the correct answer. It is a neurotransmitter released by the parasympathetic nervous system that can decrease heart rate. Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin are neurotransmitters that usually have different effects on the body and are not specifically associated with decreasing heart rate. Norepinephrine, for example, is often related to the fight-or-flight response and can increase heart rate.

4. What is the amount of tension the ventricle must develop during contraction to eject blood from the left ventricle into the aorta?

• A. Afterload
• B. Preload
• C. Automaticity
• D. Ejection fraction

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Afterload is the correct answer because it refers to the pressure or tension that the ventricle must overcome during systole to eject blood into the aorta. Preload, on the other hand, is the degree of stretch of the ventricular muscle at the end of diastole before it contracts. Automaticity is the ability of the heart to generate electrical impulses independently, and ejection fraction is the percentage of blood pumped out of the ventricle with each heartbeat. Therefore, in the context of the question, afterload best describes the amount of tension the ventricle must develop to eject blood into the aorta.

5. What is the term for a condition where the lung collapses due to air leaking into the space between the lung and the chest wall?

• A. Pneumothorax
• B. Pleural effusion
• C. Atelectasis
• D. Pulmonary fibrosis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Pneumothorax is the correct answer for this question. Pneumothorax is the collapse of a lung caused by the presence of air in the pleural space between the lung and chest wall. This condition can lead to chest pain, shortness of breath, and may require emergency treatment such as chest tube insertion to remove the air. Pleural effusion is the accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, not air. Atelectasis is the collapse or closure of a lung resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange. Pulmonary fibrosis is a condition characterized by scarring and thickening of lung tissue, not related to air leaking into the pleural space.

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