Nursing Elites

1. Which term refers to a condition where the blood supply to part of the heart muscle is blocked, often referred to as a heart attack?

• A. Myocardial infarction
• B. Arrhythmia
• C. Stroke
• D. Aneurysm

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, myocardial infarction. A myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply to part of the heart muscle is blocked, often by a blood clot. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because arrhythmia refers to an irregular heartbeat, stroke involves the interruption of blood flow to the brain, and an aneurysm is a bulge in a blood vessel.

2. Which of the following is a central vasoconstrictor and peripheral vasodilator?

• A. Parasympathetic nervous system
• B. Sympathetic nervous system
• C. Dopamine
• D. Epinephrine

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Epinephrine. Epinephrine acts as a central vasoconstrictor and peripheral vasodilator. It increases heart rate and blood flow to muscles, helping to prepare the body for a 'fight or flight' response. Parasympathetic nervous system (choice A) does not cause vasoconstriction but rather vasodilation. The sympathetic nervous system (choice B) is primarily responsible for the fight or flight response, causing vasoconstriction. Dopamine (choice C) primarily acts as a neurotransmitter and hormone, not directly causing central vasoconstriction and peripheral vasodilation.

3. What condition is characterized by the inflammation of the pleura, causing sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing?

• A. Pleurisy
• B. Pericarditis
• C. Endocarditis
• D. Myocarditis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is Pleurisy. Pleurisy is the inflammation of the pleura, the lining surrounding the lungs, which causes sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing. Pericarditis (choice B) is the inflammation of the pericardium, the sac around the heart, which typically causes chest pain that worsens when lying down. Endocarditis (choice C) is the inflammation of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves, leading to symptoms like fever, fatigue, and abnormal heart sounds. Myocarditis (choice D) is inflammation of the heart muscle, which can cause symptoms such as chest pain, fatigue, and shortness of breath.

4. Which condition is characterized by the right ventricle of the heart failing due to increased pressure in the lungs, often caused by chronic lung disease?

• A. Cor pulmonale
• B. Pulmonary embolism
• C. Aortic stenosis
• D. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is Cor pulmonale, a condition where the right ventricle of the heart fails due to increased pressure in the lungs, commonly caused by chronic lung diseases like COPD. Pulmonary embolism (choice B) is a blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries in the lungs, usually caused by a blood clot. Aortic stenosis (choice C) is a narrowing of the aortic valve opening that restricts blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (choice D) is a genetic condition where the heart muscle becomes abnormally thick, making it harder for the heart to pump blood.

5. What is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the small airways in the lungs, leading to episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing?

• A. Asthma
• B. COPD
• C. Bronchitis
• D. Lung cancer

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Asthma is the correct answer. It is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the small airways in the lungs, leading to symptoms like wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing. Asthma is commonly triggered by allergens, exercise, respiratory infections, and other factors. Choice B, COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), is characterized by airflow limitation and is often caused by smoking. Choice C, Bronchitis, is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes and can be acute or chronic. Choice D, Lung cancer, is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in lung tissues and is commonly associated with smoking or environmental factors.

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