Nursing Elites

1. Does the reduction in oxidative damage that occurs with energy restriction in animals also occur in people whose diets include _____?

• A. fiber and carbohydrates
• B. fatty acids and protein
• C. probiotics
• D. antioxidants and phytochemicals

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is 'antioxidants and phytochemicals'. Antioxidants and phytochemicals help reduce oxidative damage in the body, contributing to healthy aging and a lower risk of chronic diseases. This is the same effect observed in animals when their energy intake is restricted. The other choices are incorrect as there is no direct evidence connecting reduced oxidative damage with diets high in fiber and carbohydrates, fatty acids and protein, or probiotics.

2. When is Prevident indicated?

• A. High caries risk
• B. Crown and bridge work
• C. Orthodontic decalcification
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Prevident is indicated for all the situations listed in the choices. It is recommended for patients with a high risk of caries to reduce the risk of tooth decay. It is also used in dental procedures like crown and bridge work to strengthen enamel and prevent cavities. Furthermore, it is utilized for orthodontic decalcification to aid in remineralizing the tooth structure and prevent further damage. Therefore, the correct answer is 'All of the above.' While choices A, B, and C are individually correct, selecting 'All of the above' is the most appropriate as it encompasses all the possible indications for Prevident.

3. A diet high in which nutrient can lead to increased risk of developing kidney stones?

• A. Fiber
• B. Protein
• C. Carbohydrates
• D. Unsaturated fats

Correct answer: B

Rationale: High protein intake can increase the risk of kidney stones due to elevated calcium excretion.

4. A client who practices Islam and is currently observing dietary restrictions for the month of Ramadan. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the plan of care?

• A. Remove pork products from the dietary plan
• B. Facilitate fasting during daylight hours
• C. Serve meat and dairy items together
• D. Provide a low-carb diet on Fridays

Correct answer: B

Rationale: During Ramadan, individuals fast from dawn to sunset. Facilitating fasting during daylight hours respects the dietary practices of clients observing Ramadan. Choice A is incorrect as the dietary restriction during Ramadan involves abstaining from all food and drink during daylight hours, not just beef products. Choice C is incorrect as Muslims generally do not consume meat and dairy together due to religious dietary laws. Choice D is incorrect as providing a low-carb diet on Fridays does not specifically align with the dietary restrictions observed during Ramadan.

5. What is the most common type of kidney stone?

• A. Cystine
• B. Calcium
• C. Struvite
• D. Uric acid

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The most common type of kidney stone is calcium-based, specifically calcium oxalate. This is usually due to high calcium levels in the urine, which can be caused by dietary factors or certain metabolic disorders. Cystine stones, on the other hand, are less common and occur in individuals with a hereditary disorder leading to excessive excretion of certain amino acids. Struvite stones are often formed in response to an infection. Uric acid stones may occur in individuals who do not consume sufficient fluids or who lose too much fluid, among other factors. Therefore, while all these substances can form stones in the kidneys, calcium stones are the most common.

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