Nursing Elites

1. The recent discovery of taste receptors that detect sweetness in the small intestine illustrates that

• A. chemical responses occur in various parts of the body.
• B. new discoveries about anatomy and physiology are still being made.
• C. everything about anatomy and physiology has been discovered.
• D. the molecular and cellular level is crucial in anatomy and physiology.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The recent discovery of taste receptors in the small intestine illustrates that new discoveries about anatomy and physiology are still being made. This finding demonstrates that our understanding of the human body is continuously evolving. Choice A is incorrect because the discovery does not imply that chemical responses occur in only one part of the body but rather showcases a specific new discovery. Choice C is incorrect as it is highly improbable that everything about anatomy and physiology has been discovered given the complexity of the human body. Choice D is incorrect as while the molecular and cellular level is important in anatomy and physiology, the primary focus of this discovery is on the new findings about the taste receptors in the small intestine.

2. Peripheral vasodilation results in heat loss through which of the following processes?

• A. conduction
• B. convection
• C. radiation
• D. evaporation

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Peripheral vasodilation is the widening of blood vessels near the surface of the skin, allowing more blood to flow near the skin's surface. This process enhances heat loss primarily through radiation. Radiation is the transfer of heat energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. Conduction involves direct contact between objects, convection involves the transfer of heat through fluid or gas, and evaporation involves the phase change of a liquid to a gas, which cools the surface.

3. What is the term for the upper midportion of the abdomen?

• A. hypochondriac
• B. iliac
• C. hypogastric
• D. epigastric

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is "epigastric." The epigastric region is located in the upper midportion of the abdomen, between the hypochondriac regions on either side. Choice A, "hypochondriac," refers to the upper lateral regions of the abdomen beneath the ribs. Choice B, "iliac," pertains to the lower lateral regions of the abdomen. Choice C, "hypogastric," is the lower central region of the abdomen.

4. Are the ears lateral to the eyes?

• A. True
• B. False
• C. Not Sure
• D. None of the above

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: True. Lateral means towards the side or away from the midline. In human anatomy, the ears are located on the sides of the head, which is indeed lateral to the eyes that are positioned more towards the front of the face. Therefore, the statement that the ears are lateral to the eyes is true. Choice B is incorrect because the ears are not positioned closer to the midline than the eyes. Choice C is incorrect as the relationship between the ears and eyes in terms of lateral positioning can be determined anatomically. Choice D is incorrect as there is a clear anatomical relationship between the ears and eyes.

5. Which of the following illustrates a positive feedback mechanism?

• A. Maintaining blood pressure
• B. Uterine contractions during childbirth
• C. Body temperature control
• D. Control of blood sugar

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is uterine contractions during childbirth. This is an example of a positive feedback mechanism where the initial stimulus (contractions) leads to an increase in intensity and frequency, ultimately resulting in childbirth. In contrast, choices A, C, and D (maintaining blood pressure, body temperature control, and control of blood sugar) are examples of negative feedback mechanisms. These mechanisms work to maintain stability by counteracting any deviations from the set point, rather than amplifying the response like in a positive feedback mechanism.

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