Nursing Elites

1. During pregnancy, the placenta __________.

• A. forms in the second trimester of pregnancy
• B. encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid
• C. contains one large vein that delivers nutrients to the embryo
• D. delivers food and oxygen to the developing organism

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The placenta delivers food and oxygen to the developing organism during pregnancy. It is a temporary organ that forms in the first trimester of pregnancy. Choice A is incorrect as the placenta forms in the first trimester, not the second trimester. Choice B is incorrect as the amniotic sac, not the placenta, encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid. Choice C is incorrect as the placenta contains blood vessels (arteries and veins) that deliver nutrients to the embryo, not just one large vein.

2. Why do young infants usually cry?

• A. because they are bored
• B. in shrill, piercing tones
• C. because of physical needs
• D. all night long

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Young infants usually cry because of physical needs such as hunger, discomfort, or needing to be changed. It is their way of communicating these needs to their caregivers as they are unable to do so in any other way. Choice A is incorrect because infants cry primarily to communicate physical needs, not because they are bored. Choice B is incorrect because the tone of the cry is not the reason why infants cry. Choice D is incorrect because infants cry for various physical needs, not necessarily all night long.

3. This means that Andrew __________.

• A. is in good physical condition
• B. needs assistance in establishing breathing and other vital signs
• C. is in serious danger and should receive emergency medical attention
• D. was in danger at birth, but quickly recovered and is now in good physical condition Answer: B Page Ref: 95 Skill Level: Apply newborn baby’s appearance. Topic: Childbirth Difficulty Level: Difficult

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The statement "Andrew needs assistance in establishing breathing and other vital signs" refers to the initial steps taken to ensure a newborn's well-being after birth. This is a common practice to ensure that the newborn is transitioning smoothly into the outside world and is not indicative of a serious danger that requires emergency medical attention.

4. Which major theory of human development emphasizes plasticity at all ages?

• A. psychoanalytic perspective
• B. ethology
• C. evolutionary developmental psychology
• D. lifespan perspective

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, the lifespan perspective. This perspective underscores the idea that individuals have the capacity for growth and change at any age, highlighting plasticity throughout the lifespan. It acknowledges the continuous development and adaptability of individuals to various experiences and factors. Choice A, the psychoanalytic perspective, focuses more on unconscious processes and early childhood experiences. Choice B, ethology, emphasizes the study of animal behavior in natural environments. Choice C, evolutionary developmental psychology, examines how evolutionary principles influence human development but does not specifically focus on plasticity at all ages.

5. Theorists who contend that powerful negative events in the first few years cannot be fully overcome by later, more positive ones emphasize __________.

• A. plasticity
• B. stability
• C. nurture
• D. discontinuity

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Theorists who emphasize stability argue that powerful negative events early in life cannot be completely overcome by later, more positive experiences. They believe that early experiences have a lasting impact on development and are not easily erased or reversed by subsequent events. This perspective contrasts with the idea of plasticity, which suggests that development can be influenced by experiences at any point in life, and that individuals have the capacity for change and growth throughout the lifespan. 'Nurture' does not directly address the concept of overcoming negative events, while 'discontinuity' refers to developmental stages being separate and distinct, not the idea that negative events early in life persist despite later positive experiences.

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