ATI RN
Human Growth and Development Final Exam Quizlet
1. As school-age children move into adolescence, self-concept is increasingly vested in feedback from __________.
- A. close friends
- B. family members
- C. younger children
- D. the inner self
Correct answer: A
Rationale: During adolescence, individuals start to rely more on feedback from close friends to develop their self-concept. Close friends play a significant role during this transitional period as they provide peer validation, support, and influence. Family members, although important, may not hold the same level of influence on self-concept during adolescence as close friends do. Younger children are unlikely to provide the necessary feedback and validation needed during this developmental stage. While self-reflection and understanding the inner self are vital for personal growth, during adolescence, external feedback from close friends tends to have a more pronounced impact on shaping self-concept.
2. In a historic experiment with 11-month-old Albert, John Watson demonstrated that __________.
- A. children cannot be conditioned to fear a formerly neutral stimulus
- B. infants as young as a few months old will repeat a behavior to obtain a desirable reward
- C. children can be conditioned to fear a formerly neutral stimulus
- D. children have an innate, inborn fear of rats Answer: C Page Ref: 16 Skill Level: Understand Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories Difficulty Level: Moderate
Correct answer: C
Rationale: In the historic experiment with 11-month-old Albert conducted by John Watson, it was demonstrated that children can be conditioned to fear a formerly neutral stimulus. This is known as classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus to create a conditioned response. In this case, Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat by pairing the rat with a loud noise. This experiment showcased the power of conditioning in shaping behavior and emotional responses in children.
3. When Mateo was born prematurely to Yvonne, a cocaine addict, what can his caregivers expect?
- A. He will be very attentive to the environment
- B. His cries will be abnormally shrill and piercing
- C. He will overcome the harmful effects of drug exposure by age 3
- D. His motor development will be especially rapid during the first year
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Mateo, being born prematurely to a cocaine-addicted mother, is at risk for several health issues. One common effect of prenatal drug exposure is a higher likelihood of sensory and regulatory problems, such as having abnormally shrill and piercing cries. This is a potential outcome that Mateo's caregivers can expect due to his circumstances. Choice A is incorrect as there is no direct correlation between being born prematurely to a cocaine-addicted mother and being very attentive to the environment. Choice C is incorrect as overcoming harmful effects of drug exposure by age 3 is overly optimistic and may not be the case for all children exposed to drugs prenatally. Choice D is incorrect as rapid motor development is not typically associated with prenatal drug exposure.
4. The information-processing perspective __________.
- A. examines separate aspects of thinking
- B. fails to consider biological influences on cognitive development
- C. applies only to children in cultures having formal schooling
- D. focuses on overall cognitive change
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The information-processing perspective focuses on how individuals process, store, and retrieve information. Choice A, 'examines separate aspects of thinking,' accurately reflects this perspective. The other choices are incorrect. Choice B is incorrect because the information-processing perspective does consider biological influences on cognitive development. Choice C is incorrect as this perspective is not limited to children in cultures with formal schooling. Choice D is incorrect as the information-processing perspective does not focus on overall cognitive change, but rather on the specific processes involved in information processing.
5. In field experiments, researchers __________.
- A. selectively assign participants to treatment conditions in natural settings
- B. cannot use random assignment or manipulate treatment conditions
- C. randomly assign participants to treatment conditions in natural settings
- D. have stronger control over the treatment than in the laboratory
Correct answer: C
Rationale: In field experiments, researchers randomly assign participants to treatment conditions in natural settings. This method allows for a higher level of control over potential confounding variables compared to non-random assignment. Random assignment helps ensure that the groups being compared are comparable at the beginning of the study, which strengthens the internal validity of the research findings. Choice A is incorrect because selective assignment may introduce bias. Choice B is incorrect as researchers can use random assignment in field experiments. Choice D is incorrect because field experiments typically have less control over the treatment compared to laboratory experiments.
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