Nursing Elites

1. The discontinuous view of development holds that __________.

• A. infants and preschoolers respond to the world in much the same way as adults do
• B. growth is the process of gradually augmenting the skills that were present from the beginning
• C. infants and children have unique ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving
• D. development is a smooth process limited only by a lack of information and precision

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The discontinuous view of development holds that infants and children have unique ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. This perspective suggests that development is not a continuous or smooth process, but rather occurs in distinct stages or phases marked by qualitative differences in abilities and behaviors. This contrasts with the idea that development is a gradual augmentation of skills present from the beginning (choice B) or that infants and preschoolers respond to the world in the same way as adults (choice A). Choice D is incorrect because the discontinuous view does not consider development as a smooth process limited by a lack of information and precision. Ultimately, the discontinuous view emphasizes the distinct and evolving nature of development across the lifespan.

2. Kathryn would like to give birth in a medical facility that permits maternal control over labor and delivery, including choice of delivery positions, and allows the presence of family members and friends. Kathryn should consider giving birth at a __________.

• A. private home
• B. local hospital
• C. doula center
• D. freestanding birth center

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Kathryn should consider giving birth at a freestanding birth center. Freestanding birth centers provide a setting where women can have more control over their labor and delivery experience, including the choice of delivery positions, the presence of family members and friends, and involvement in decision-making throughout the process. These centers offer a more home-like environment compared to hospitals while still providing access to medical support if needed. Choices A (private home) and B (local hospital) do not necessarily guarantee the level of control and facilities Kathryn seeks. While a doula center (Choice C) can provide additional support during labor, it may not offer the same level of medical facilities and control over the birthing process as a freestanding birth center.

3. Dr. Dias's research shows that the death of a spouse in old age is correlated with a decline in the surviving partner's physical health. Which conclusion is supported by this study?

• A. The death of a spouse causes a decline in the surviving partner's physical health.
• B. The death of a spouse is related to a decline in the surviving partner's physical health.
• C. A decline in a surviving partner's physical health can cause the death of a spouse.
• D. A third variable, such as memory loss, causes a surviving partner's decline in physical health following the death of a spouse.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Dr. Dias's research findings indicate a correlation between the death of a spouse and a decline in the surviving partner's physical health. This correlation suggests a relationship between the two variables, but it does not necessarily imply a direct cause-and-effect relationship. Therefore, the correct conclusion supported by this study is option B - 'The death of a spouse is related to a decline in the surviving partner's physical health.' Option A is too direct in its causation claim, which is not proven by correlation alone. Option C reverses the cause and effect relationship suggested by the research. Option D introduces an unrelated third variable, which is not supported by the study's findings.

4. Lillian uses flowcharts to map the precise steps individuals use to solve problems and complete tasks. Lillian is a(n) __________ theorist.

• A. psychoanalytic
• B. information-processing
• C. psychosocial
• D. social learning Answer: B Page Ref: 19 Skill Level: Apply Topic: Recent Theoretical Perspectives Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Lillian, who uses flowcharts to map precise steps individuals use to solve problems and complete tasks, is likely an information-processing theorist. Information-processing theorists focus on how people take in, store, and retrieve information to solve problems and make decisions, which aligns with Lillian's use of flowcharts to map out problem-solving steps.

5. Piaget's _________ stage is the most complex period of development.

• A. sensorimotor
• B. preoperational
• C. concrete operational
• D. formal operational

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The formal operational stage in Piaget's theory is characterized by abstract reasoning, hypothetical thinking, and logical reasoning. This stage represents the most complex period of cognitive development according to Piaget. Choices A, B, and C refer to earlier stages in Piaget's theory and do not involve the level of abstract thinking and logical reasoning seen in the formal operational stage.

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