Nursing Elites

1. The concept of ________ means that because of their genetic makeup, individuals differ in their responsiveness to qualities of the environment.

• A. gene-environment interaction
• B. niche-picking
• C. passive correlation
• D. evocative correlation

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, gene-environment interaction. This concept highlights that genetic factors play a role in how individuals react to environmental factors. Niche-picking (choice B) refers to the tendency of individuals to select environments that complement their genetic predispositions, not the inherent genetic differences in responsiveness. Passive correlation (choice C) involves the association between the genetic makeup of parents and the environment they provide for their children, not individual differences in responsiveness. Evocative correlation (choice D) relates to the idea that an individual's genetic traits can elicit certain responses from others in the environment, rather than individual differences in responsiveness.

2. In healthy, physically fit women, regular moderate to vigorous exercise during pregnancy is related to __________.

• A. lower birth weight and higher risk of premature birth
• B. suppressed development of the immune system
• C. serious damage to the central nervous system
• D. improved fetal cardiovascular functioning

Correct answer: D

Rationale: In healthy, physically fit women, regular moderate to vigorous exercise during pregnancy is related to improved fetal cardiovascular functioning. Regular exercise has been shown to benefit both the mother and baby by promoting better cardiovascular health and overall well-being during pregnancy. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as exercise during pregnancy, when done appropriately, does not lead to lower birth weight, higher risk of premature birth, suppressed immune system development, or serious damage to the central nervous system. Instead, it is known to have positive effects on fetal development and maternal health.

3. Three-month-old Jefferson will probably listen longer to __________ than to __________.

• A. pure tones; voices
• B. pure tones; noises
• C. human speech; nonspeech sounds
• D. a foreign language; his native language

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Three-month-old Jefferson will likely listen longer to human speech compared to nonspeech sounds because infants have a natural preference for speech sounds. This preference is believed to be attributed to their biological readiness to learn language and communicate with others. Choice A is incorrect because voices are a form of human speech, which is preferred over pure tones. Choice B is incorrect as noises do not necessarily engage infants' attention as effectively as human speech. Choice D is incorrect because Jefferson is more likely to listen longer to his native language rather than a foreign language at this early age.

4. The more alcohol a woman consumes during pregnancy, the __________.

• A. higher the birth weight of the child
• B. greater the likelihood of ARND instead of FAS or p-FAS
• C. poorer the child's achievement scores in the school years
• D. greater the child's speed of information processing

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'poorer the child's achievement scores in the school years.' Prenatal exposure to alcohol has been linked to a range of cognitive and behavioral difficulties, including lower academic achievement in children. These difficulties may manifest as poor achievement scores in later school years. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because alcohol consumption during pregnancy is not associated with higher birth weight of the child, the likelihood of ARND instead of FAS or p-FAS, or greater speed of information processing in the child.

5. School-age children master concrete operational tasks ________.

• A. all at once
• B. gradually, in a continuum of acquisition
• C. much later than Piaget believed
• D. after they master abstract thinking

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Correct answer: School-age children master concrete operational tasks gradually, in a continuum of acquisition. Piaget's theory suggests that children develop cognitive abilities in stages, with concrete operational tasks being acquired gradually as part of this process. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because concrete operational tasks are not typically mastered all at once, much later than Piaget believed, or necessarily after mastering abstract thinking.

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