Nursing Elites

1. The concept of ________ means that because of their genetic makeup, individuals differ in their responsiveness to qualities of the environment.

• A. gene-environment interaction
• B. niche-picking
• C. passive correlation
• D. evocative correlation

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, gene-environment interaction. This concept highlights that genetic factors play a role in how individuals react to environmental factors. Niche-picking (choice B) refers to the tendency of individuals to select environments that complement their genetic predispositions, not the inherent genetic differences in responsiveness. Passive correlation (choice C) involves the association between the genetic makeup of parents and the environment they provide for their children, not individual differences in responsiveness. Evocative correlation (choice D) relates to the idea that an individual's genetic traits can elicit certain responses from others in the environment, rather than individual differences in responsiveness.

2. An inadequate diet during pregnancy can __________.

• A. lead to higher birth weight and greater brain weight
• B. reduce the risk of pregnancy-induced maternal diabetes
• C. distort the structure of the liver, kidney, and pancreas
• D. lead to fewer physical discomforts in the final weeks Answer: C Page Ref: 88 Skill Level: Understand Topic: Prenatal Environmental Influences Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: C

Rationale: An inadequate diet during pregnancy can lead to the distortion of the structure of the liver, kidney, and pancreas in the developing fetus. Proper nutrition during pregnancy is crucial for the healthy development of these organs and essential for the overall well-being of the baby. A balanced diet supports optimal growth and development, while inadequate nutrition can have detrimental effects on the baby's organs and long-term health.

3. Today, Albert Bandura's theory stresses the importance of __________.

• A. behavior modification
• B. punishment
• C. cognition
• D. reinforcement

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Albert Bandura's theory stresses the importance of cognition. Bandura's Social Learning Theory emphasizes the role of cognitive processes in learning and behavior, including the influence of observation, modeling, and mental representations. This theory highlights how individuals learn through observation and imitation of others, as well as their own thought processes and beliefs. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because while behavior modification, punishment, and reinforcement are aspects related to learning theories, they are not the primary focus of Bandura's theory, which revolves around cognition and social learning.

4. What is a characteristic of structured interviews?

• A. Do not yield the same depth of information as a clinical interview
• B. Are flexible because questions are phrased differently for each participant
• C. Bring together a wide range of information on one person
• D. Tell researchers little about the reasoning behind participants' responses

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Structured interviews do not yield the same depth of information as a clinical interview because they involve a set of standardized questions that are asked in the same way to all participants. This lack of flexibility may limit the depth and richness of the responses obtained compared to a more open-ended clinical interview. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because structured interviews are not flexible in question phrasing, do not necessarily bring together a wide range of information on one person, and can provide insights into participants' reasoning behind responses depending on the design of the structured questions.

5. What reflex protects an infant from strong stimulation?

• A. Moro
• B. eye-blink
• C. sucking
• D. palmar grasp

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: eye-blink. The eye-blink reflex is the one that protects an infant from strong stimulation by causing them to quickly shut their eyes in response to sudden bright light or a loud noise. This reflex helps to safeguard the infant's sensitive eyes from potential harm. The Moro reflex (choice A) is the startle reflex, the sucking reflex (choice C) helps with feeding, and the palmar grasp reflex (choice D) is when the infant's fingers close around an object placed in their hand; none of these reflexes specifically protect the infant from strong stimulation.

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