Nursing Elites

1. Skinner would agree with all the following statements except:

• A. All behavior is governed by external consequences.
• B. Individuals have free will.
• C. Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes.
• D. Organisms tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Skinner's behaviorist perspective emphasized that behavior is influenced by external factors and reinforcement, rather than individual free will. Therefore, Skinner would not agree with the statement that individuals have free will. Choices A, C, and D align with Skinner's beliefs as he believed that behavior is shaped by external consequences, organisms tend to repeat behaviors leading to positive outcomes, and organisms tend to avoid behaviors leading to neutral or negative outcomes.

2. Emotions, such as pride, shame, and guilt, that depend on both self-awareness and knowledge of socially accepted standards of behavior are known as what?

• A. Self-awareness emotions
• B. Self-evaluative emotions
• C. Self-conscious emotions
• D. Egocentric emotions

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Self-conscious emotions. Self-conscious emotions like pride, shame, and guilt require not only self-awareness but also an understanding of socially accepted behaviors. These emotions involve evaluating oneself in relation to societal norms. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately capture the idea of emotions that rely on both self-awareness and knowledge of socially accepted standards of behavior.

3. There is experimental evidence showing that consistently being discriminated against may cause a person to ________.

• A. be happy.
• B. be more conscious.
• C. have cardiovascular reactivity.
• D. have greater intelligence and wisdom.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'have cardiovascular reactivity.' Consistent discrimination can lead to increased cardiovascular reactivity, impacting heart health. Choice A ('be happy') is incorrect because discrimination typically causes distress and negative emotions. Choice B ('be more conscious') is not directly related to the impact of discrimination. Choice D ('have greater intelligence and wisdom') is also unrelated to the physiological response of cardiovascular reactivity caused by discrimination.

4. What role does culture play in understanding abnormal behavior?

• A. Culture plays a minimal role in understanding abnormal behavior.
• B. Culture is essential in shaping our perceptions and definitions of abnormal behavior.
• C. Culture has little impact on the expression of abnormal behavior.
• D. Culture only affects the treatment of abnormal behavior, not its understanding.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Culture is essential in shaping our perceptions and definitions of abnormal behavior. Choice A is incorrect because culture actually plays a significant role in understanding abnormal behavior. Choice C is incorrect as culture can have a considerable impact on how abnormal behavior is expressed. Choice D is incorrect because culture influences not only the treatment but also the understanding of abnormal behavior.

5. How did philosopher John Locke characterize the mind of a child?

• A. Innately good
• B. Conscientiousness
• C. Superego-ideal
• D. A blank slate

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Philosopher John Locke characterized the mind of a child as a 'blank slate,' indicating that it is devoid of innate ideas or characteristics. This concept suggests that a child's mind is shaped and developed through experiences and learning rather than having inherent qualities. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as Locke did not view the mind of a child as innately good, conscientious, or associated with the superego-ideal. Instead, he believed that individuals are born without built-in mental content, emphasizing the importance of environmental influences on cognitive development.

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