Nursing Elites

1. How is pruning best defined?

• A. The process of eliminating unused synapses
• B. The process of synapse development
• C. The connection between neurons
• D. Fatty sheath that wraps around neurons and enables them to transmit information more rapidly

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Pruning is the process of eliminating unused synapses in the brain. This process helps the brain to become more efficient by strengthening important connections and eliminating unnecessary ones. Choice B is incorrect because pruning is about eliminating synapses, not developing them. Choice C is incorrect as it refers to the general concept of connections between neurons, not specifically about pruning. Choice D is incorrect as it describes the myelin sheath, which is responsible for rapid transmission of information along neurons, not pruning.

2. A predisposition toward developing a disorder is termed a __________ .

• A. Diathesis
• B. Risk factor
• C. Sufficient cause
• D. Diathesis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A predisposition toward developing a disorder is termed a diathesis. In this context, diathesis refers to an individual's susceptibility or predisposition to developing a disorder. A diathesis is not the same as a risk factor or a sufficient cause. A risk factor is a variable that increases the likelihood of developing a disorder but is not a predisposition itself. A sufficient cause is a factor that can produce the disorder on its own, not just a predisposition.

3. Most behavioral disorders are determined primarily by ________.

• A. genetics
• B. upbringing
• C. diet
• D. environment

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Genetics play a significant role in the development of behavioral disorders. While upbringing, diet, and environment can also influence behavior, genetics are often the primary factor in determining behavioral disorders. Choice B (upbringing) can contribute to behavior but is not the sole determinant of behavioral disorders. Choice C (diet) can impact behavior but is not the primary factor in behavioral disorders. Choice D (environment) can also influence behavior, but genetics typically play a more significant role in determining behavioral disorders.

4. The humanistic perspective focuses primarily upon the capacity of the individual to ________.

• A. confront the dilemma of our deaths.
• B. be driven by unconscious motives.
• C. rationally explain our behavior.
• D. engage in positive self-growth.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The humanistic perspective, as highlighted by proponents like Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, emphasizes the inherent drive of individuals to achieve self-actualization and positive self-growth. It focuses on the individual's potential for growth, self-improvement, and fulfilling their highest capabilities. Choice A is incorrect as the humanistic perspective is more concerned with personal growth than with addressing the fear of death. Choice B is associated with the psychodynamic perspective, which focuses on unconscious motives. Choice C is related to cognitive-behavioral approaches that emphasize the rational understanding of behavior.

5. The genetic influences that determine behavior may never be fully understood due to ________

• A. the ease of researching to differentiate between the effects of the environment and the effects of genes.
• B. the likelihood that most behaviors are determined by the interaction of many genes and the environment.
• C. the tendency to rely on twin studies in genetic research.
• D. our significant understanding of how genes impact brain chemistry.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because most behaviors are influenced by a complex interaction of many genes and the environment. Choice A is incorrect because it states that it is easy to differentiate between the effects of the environment and genes, which is not the case. Choice C is incorrect because although twin studies are commonly used in genetic research, this alone does not hinder the full understanding of genetic influences on behavior. Choice D is incorrect because even though we have some understanding of how genes impact brain chemistry, this does not mean that we fully understand the genetic influences on behavior.

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