Nursing Elites

1. Freud's psychosexual stage that occurs between the ages of 3 and 5 is the ________ stage.

• A. oral
• B. anal
• C. phallic
• D. genital

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Freud's psychosexual stage that occurs between the ages of 3 and 5 is the phallic stage. During this stage, children focus on the genitals and start to identify with the same-sex parent while developing the superego. Choice A, the oral stage, occurs during infancy (0-1 year), where gratification is centered around the mouth. Choice B, the anal stage, occurs between the ages of 1 and 3, focusing on toilet training. Choice D, the genital stage, is the final stage in Freud's theory, occurring from puberty onwards, where the focus is on mature sexual relationships.

2. What are substances, such as viruses and drugs, that can cause birth defects?

• A. Teratogens
• B. Placenta
• C. Parturition
• D. Androgens

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Teratogens are substances that can cause birth defects, especially if exposure occurs during critical periods of development. In this context, teratogens refer to external agents that can interfere with the development of the embryo or fetus, leading to structural or functional abnormalities. Choice B, Placenta, is incorrect as it is an organ that develops during pregnancy to provide nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and remove waste products. Choice C, Parturition, refers to the process of giving birth and is not related to substances that cause birth defects. Choice D, Androgens, are male sex hormones and are not associated with causing birth defects.

3. The humanistic perspective focuses primarily upon the capacity of the individual to ________.

• A. confront the dilemma of our deaths.
• B. be driven by unconscious motives.
• C. rationally explain our behavior.
• D. engage in positive self-growth.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The humanistic perspective, as highlighted by proponents like Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, emphasizes the inherent drive of individuals to achieve self-actualization and positive self-growth. It focuses on the individual's potential for growth, self-improvement, and fulfilling their highest capabilities. Choice A is incorrect as the humanistic perspective is more concerned with personal growth than with addressing the fear of death. Choice B is associated with the psychodynamic perspective, which focuses on unconscious motives. Choice C is related to cognitive-behavioral approaches that emphasize the rational understanding of behavior.

4. Professor Immel believes that behaviors that are predominant in certain species probably serve some adaptive function. Professor Immel's beliefs are most consistent with which perspective?

• A. Behavioral perspective.
• B. Cognitive perspective.
• C. Humanistic perspective.
• D. Evolutionary perspective.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Professor Immel's belief that behaviors in certain species serve an adaptive function aligns with the evolutionary perspective. The evolutionary perspective posits that behaviors have developed over time because they provide an advantage for survival and reproduction. This perspective emphasizes the role of natural selection in shaping behaviors based on their adaptive value. Choices A, B, and C do not specifically address the idea that behaviors have evolved to serve specific functions for survival, making them inconsistent with Professor Immel's beliefs.

5. How does the diathesis-stress model explain the onset of mental disorders?

• A. Stress alone is sufficient to cause mental disorders.
• B. Both genetic vulnerability and environmental stress are needed to trigger a disorder.
• C. Only genetic factors cause mental disorders.
• D. Environmental stressors alone can cause mental disorders.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The diathesis-stress model explains that the onset of mental disorders results from the interaction of genetic vulnerability (diathesis) and environmental stress. Choice A is incorrect because stress alone is not sufficient, according to the model. Choice C is incorrect as it oversimplifies by attributing mental disorders solely to genetic factors. Choice D is incorrect because the model emphasizes the joint contribution of genetic predisposition and environmental stress.

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