Nursing Elites

1. Fraternal twins are ____________.

• A. genetically identical
• B. no more alike than ordinary siblings
• C. less common than other types of multiple offspring
• D. less likely with each additional birth

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Fraternal twins are no more alike than ordinary siblings because they share about 50% of their genes, just like other siblings. Choice A is incorrect as fraternal twins are not genetically identical. Choice C is incorrect as fraternal twins are actually the most common type of multiple offspring. Choice D is incorrect as the likelihood of fraternal twins is not affected by the number of births a mother has had.

2. Ecological systems theory views the person as __________.

• A. a blossoming flower whose development is a genetically determined series of events that unfold automatically
• B. developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment
• C. a social being influenced primarily by observational learning or adult modeling
• D. a computer-like system that actively codes, transforms, and organizes information

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Ecological systems theory views the person as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment. This perspective emphasizes the interconnectedness of individuals with their social and physical environment, recognizing that development is influenced by various factors interacting at different levels of the ecological system. Choice A is incorrect because it describes a genetically determined development process, which is not the focus of ecological systems theory. Choice C is incorrect because it highlights observational learning as the primary influence on development, neglecting the broader environmental factors. Choice D is incorrect as it compares the person to a computer system, which does not align with the principles of ecological systems theory.

3. Pregnant women are wise to avoid eating __________, which are heavily contaminated with __________.

• A. long-lived predatory fish; mercury
• B. freshwater fish; lead
• C. long-lived predatory fish; polychlorinated biphenyls
• D. freshwater fish; radiation

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Pregnant women are wise to avoid eating long-lived predatory fish, which are heavily contaminated with mercury. Mercury is a known teratogen, meaning it can negatively impact the development of the fetus and lead to birth defects. It is recommended that pregnant women choose fish with lower levels of mercury to reduce potential risks to the baby's health. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because lead, polychlorinated biphenyls, and radiation are not typically found in fish at levels that pose significant risks to pregnant women and the developing fetus.

4. Ethnographies reveal that immigrant parents view __________ as the surest way to improve life chances.

• A. learning English
• B. education
• C. close ties to an ethnic community
• D. moving into an urban area

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Ethnographies reveal that immigrant parents prioritize education as the surest way to improve life chances for their children. While learning English is important for integration, education is considered the key for better opportunities and success in the long term. Close ties to an ethnic community can provide support but may not directly lead to improved life chances. Moving into an urban area is not highlighted in the context of immigrant parents' views on improving life chances through their children's development.

5. Lillian uses flowcharts to map the precise steps individuals use to solve problems and complete tasks. Lillian is a(n) __________ theorist.

• A. psychoanalytic
• B. information-processing
• C. psychosocial
• D. social learning Answer: B Page Ref: 19 Skill Level: Apply Topic: Recent Theoretical Perspectives Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Lillian, who uses flowcharts to map precise steps individuals use to solve problems and complete tasks, is likely an information-processing theorist. Information-processing theorists focus on how people take in, store, and retrieve information to solve problems and make decisions, which aligns with Lillian's use of flowcharts to map out problem-solving steps.

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