Nursing Elites

1. Each statement is true regarding oral exposure to fermentable carbohydrates, except one. Which is the exception?

• A. Longer exposure leads to an increased risk of demineralization
• B. Longer exposure increases the opportunity for remineralization
• C. The Stephan curve illustrates pH changes within plaque after rinsing with a sugar solution
• D. The critical pH at which enamel decalcification occurs is 5.5 or less

Correct answer: B

Rationale: All the statements above are accurate about oral exposure to fermentable carbohydrates, except for option B. In fact, longer exposure to these carbohydrates decreases the opportunity for remineralization. This is because the process of demineralization, in which minerals are lost from the tooth enamel, is sped up by the presence of fermentable carbohydrates. The Stephan curve (option C) is a graph that demonstrates how the pH of dental plaque changes after a sugar rinse, usually dropping (becoming more acidic), which can lead to enamel decalcification. Option D is also accurate, as a pH of 5.5 or lower is the critical point at which enamel starts to decalcify.

2. A nurse is completing an admission assessment on an adolescent client who is a vegetarian. He eats milk products but does not like beans. Which of the following items should the nurse suggest the client order for lunch to provide the nutrients most likely to be lacking in his diet?

• A. Peanut butter and jelly sandwich
• B. Baked potato topped with sour cream
• C. Bagel with cream cheese
• D. Fruit salad

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Fruit salad.' Since the adolescent client is a vegetarian who eats milk products but does not like beans, suggesting a fruit salad for lunch would provide essential nutrients like vitamins, minerals, and fiber that are commonly found in fruits. Fruit salad can help supplement the nutrients that may be lacking in his diet. Choices A, B, and C do not offer the same variety and quantity of nutrients as a fruit salad, making them less optimal choices for meeting the client's dietary needs.

3. A nurse is providing anticipatory guidance to a client who has Phenylketonuria (PKU) and is planning a pregnancy. Which of the following information should the nurse include in the discussion?

• A. Diet sodas should not be consumed more than two or three times a week.
• B. Serum bilirubin should be monitored once or twice a month during pregnancy.
• C. Breastfeeding will not prevent your baby from developing PKU.
• D. A low-protein diet should be followed for three months before conception.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A low-protein diet should be followed for three months before conception in individuals with PKU who are planning a pregnancy. This diet helps manage PKU by reducing phenylalanine levels, which is crucial for maternal and fetal health. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Choice A is not directly related to managing PKU, choice B focuses on a different aspect of care during pregnancy, and choice C is inaccurate as breastfeeding will not prevent a baby from developing PKU.

4. An estimated _____ percent of persons in the United States who have HIV infection are unaware that they are infected.

• A. 4%
• B. 21%
• C. 34%
• D. 49%

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: '21%'. Approximately 21% of persons in the United States who have HIV infection are unaware that they are infected. This percentage represents a significant portion of individuals who are not aware of their HIV status, highlighting the importance of increased testing and awareness campaigns. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the estimated percentage provided in the context.

5. What type of drug therapy is typically administered immediately after a heart attack?

• A. Antilipemic drugs
• B. Corticosteroids
• C. Diuretics
• D. Thrombolytic drugs

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Thrombolytic drugs are typically administered immediately after a heart attack to dissolve the clot blocking the coronary artery and restore blood flow to the heart muscle. Antilipemic drugs are used to lower lipid levels and prevent atherosclerosis, but they are not typically administered immediately after a heart attack. Corticosteroids are used to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune response, which are not immediate concerns after a heart attack. Diuretics are used to reduce fluid build-up and lower blood pressure, but these are not the primary concerns immediately following a heart attack.

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