Nursing Elites

1. Each statement is true of rickets, except one. Which is the exception?

• A. Rickets is being diagnosed more frequently in the United States.
• B. Rickets is caused by vitamin C deficiency.
• C. Tachetic deformities such as bow legs or knock-knees develop.
• D. A narrow and distorted chest occurs.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rickets is caused by vitamin D deficiency, not vitamin C deficiency. It usually occurs in children who are 1 to 3 years old. The name rickets came from the word 'wrikken,' meaning 'to bend or twist.' Common manifestations of rickets include tachetic deformities like bow legs or knock-knees, a narrow and distorted chest, and failure of the epiphyses of bones to develop normally, resulting in twisted and warped bones. While the diagnosis of rickets may be increasing in the United States, it is not caused by a lack of vitamin C.

2. What symptoms would most likely be associated with a transient ischemic attack?

• A. confusion and difficulty speaking
• B. headache and blurred vision
• C. chest pain and pressure
• D. claudication and peripheral edema

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: confusion and difficulty speaking. These symptoms are commonly associated with a transient ischemic attack (TIA), which is a temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain. Choice B, headache and blurred vision, are more indicative of other conditions such as migraines or eye problems. Choice C, chest pain and pressure, are more characteristic of cardiac issues like a heart attack. Choice D, claudication and peripheral edema, are typical of peripheral arterial disease and not typically seen in TIAs.

3. Low levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) are?

• A. associated with being underweight
• B. more prevalent in males
• C. highly predictive of CHD risk
• D. not a good predictor of CHD risk

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Low levels of HDL cholesterol are a strong predictor of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk because HDL helps to remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream. Choice A is incorrect because low HDL levels are not associated with being underweight but rather with increased CHD risk. Choice B is incorrect as low HDL levels are not more prevalent in males but can affect both genders. Choice D is incorrect as low levels of HDL are indeed a good predictor of CHD risk.

4. Patients with this chronic nutrient deficiency may feel tired, weak, and irritable while being unable to pinpoint why. Hypertension, heart attack, stroke, kidney stones, and osteoporosis are associated with the chronic deficiency of which nutrient?

• A. Zinc
• B. Iron
• C. Sodium
• D. Potassium

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Potassium. Chronic potassium deficiency can lead to hypertension, heart attack, stroke, kidney stones, and osteoporosis. Patients experiencing this deficiency may feel tired, weak, and irritable without knowing the cause. Choice A (Zinc) is incorrect as zinc deficiency presents with different symptoms. Choice B (Iron) deficiency is associated with anemia symptoms, not the conditions listed. Choice C (Sodium) deficiency typically manifests as muscle cramps, weakness, and confusion, not the conditions described in the question.

5. The term associated with loss of taste is:

• A. Xerostomia
• B. Hypogeusia
• C. Dysphagia
• D. Anosmia

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, 'Hypogeusia.' Hypogeusia refers to a diminished sense of taste, which can impact nutritional intake, especially in older adults. Xerostomia (choice A) is dry mouth, Dysphagia (choice C) is difficulty swallowing, and Anosmia (choice D) is the loss of the sense of smell. These conditions are different from loss of taste, making them incorrect choices for this question.

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