Nursing Elites

1. Each statement is true of calcium within saliva, except one. Which is the exception?

• A. Saliva is supersaturated with calcium.
• B. Saliva is a source of calcium to mineralize an immature or demineralized enamel surface.
• C. Calcium and phosphate in saliva provide a buffering action.
• D. Calcium within saliva increases dental caries.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Calcium within saliva does not increase dental caries; in fact, the buffering action provided by calcium and phosphate in saliva inhibits caries formation by preventing the dissolution of enamel by plaque biofilm. Choice A is correct as saliva is indeed supersaturated with calcium. Choice B is correct as saliva serves as a source of calcium to mineralize an immature or demineralized enamel surface. Choice C is correct as calcium and phosphate in saliva do provide a buffering action to protect teeth from acids.

2. A breastfeeding mother complains that she missed her son's last two feedings and now her breasts have become full, hard, and uncomfortable. This condition is known as _____.

• A. mastitis
• B. engorgement
• C. letdown
• D. galactorrhea

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Engorgement occurs when the breasts become overly full, leading to discomfort and sometimes difficulty with latching. It can be relieved by feeding or expressing milk. Mastitis, choice A, is characterized by breast inflammation usually caused by an infection. Letdown, choice C, refers to the release of milk from the breast. Galactorrhea, choice D, is the spontaneous flow of milk from the breast unassociated with childbirth or nursing.

3. For a patient on a ketogenic diet, which macronutrient is primarily increased?

• A. Carbohydrates
• B. Protein
• C. Fats
• D. Fiber

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Fats. A ketogenic diet is characterized by high fat intake, moderate protein intake, and very low carbohydrate intake. This diet aims to shift the body's metabolism to use fat as the primary source of energy instead of carbohydrates. Increasing fat intake while reducing carbohydrates is essential for achieving and maintaining a state of ketosis. Therefore, choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the macronutrient adjustments required for a ketogenic diet.

4. Which nutrient has the highest satiety value?

• A. Complex carbohydrates
• B. High-quality protein
• C. Low-quality protein
• D. Fat

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Fat has the highest satiety value among the listed nutrients. It slows down digestion, stays in the stomach longer, and provides a sustained release of energy, leading to increased feelings of fullness and satisfaction. Complex carbohydrates can also contribute to satiety, but fat generally has a stronger effect. High-quality protein is important for satiety as well, but it is generally not as filling as fat. Low-quality protein does not have as significant satiating effects as high-quality protein or fat.

5. In consideration of the steps in applying the bag technique, which side of the paper lining of the CHN bag is considered clean to make a non-contaminated work area?

• A. The lower lip
• B. The outer surface
• C. The upper tip
• D. The inside surface

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Nursing interventions should be grounded in a deep understanding of the physiological processes involved, ensuring that care provided is both effective and efficient.

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