Nursing Elites

1. Charles Darwin's theory of evolution emphasized __________ and __________.

• A. the normative approach; survival of the fittest
• B. noble savages; physical maturation
• C. tabula rasa; natural selection
• D. natural selection; survival of the fittest

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Charles Darwin's theory of evolution emphasized natural selection and survival of the fittest. Natural selection is the process by which organisms with traits that help them survive and reproduce in their environment are more likely to pass on these traits to their offspring. Survival of the fittest refers to the idea that the organisms best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to the gradual evolution of species over time. Both concepts are central to Darwin's theory of evolution. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not accurately reflect the key principles highlighted by Darwin in his theory of evolution.

2. In a longitudinal design, participants are studied repeatedly at different ages, and changes are noted as they get older.

• A. cross-sectional
• B. experimental
• C. longitudinal
• D. correlational

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: longitudinal. In a longitudinal design, participants are followed and studied over an extended period, allowing researchers to observe changes and continuity in development as individuals age. This design is crucial for understanding how individuals grow and change over time. Cross-sectional studies (Choice A) involve comparing different groups at the same time point, while experimental studies (Choice B) involve manipulating variables to observe their effects. Correlational studies (Choice D) examine relationships between variables but do not involve studying participants over time.

3. Dr. Redmund characterizes his view of development as a bioecological model. His perspective is aligned with that of which theorist?

• A. Jean Piaget
• B. Urie Bronfenbrenner
• C. Lev Vygotsky
• D. Niko Tinbergen

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Dr. Redmund's view of development aligns with the bioecological model, which is associated with Urie Bronfenbrenner. This model emphasizes the interaction between an individual's biological characteristics and environmental influences in development. Jean Piaget's theory focuses on cognitive development, Lev Vygotsky's theory emphasizes social interactions, and Niko Tinbergen is known for his work in animal behavior and instinct, not human development. Therefore, the correct answer is Urie Bronfenbrenner (Choice B).

4. Self-esteem takes on a hierarchical structure in __________.

• A. toddlerhood
• B. preschool
• C. middle childhood
• D. adolescence

Correct answer: C

Rationale: In middle childhood, self-esteem becomes more differentiated and organized into a hierarchy based on various domains of competence. This period marks a time when children start to compare their abilities in different areas, such as academic performance, social skills, and physical abilities. Toddlerhood and preschool years are characterized by the development of basic self-awareness and self-concept, but self-esteem hierarchy typically emerges later in middle childhood and further solidifies in adolescence as individuals navigate complex social dynamics and personal identities.

5. __________ is the least-developed of the newborn baby’s senses.

• A. Taste
• B. Sound
• C. Vision
• D. Touch Answer: C Page Ref: 109 Skill Level: Remember Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities Difficulty Level: Easy

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Vision is the least-developed of the newborn baby's senses. Newborns have limited visual acuity and are not able to focus clearly on objects. Over time, their vision will improve as they grow and develop.

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