Nursing Elites

1. A patient following a vegetarian diet might be at risk for deficiency in which nutrient?

• A. Vitamin C
• B. Vitamin B12
• C. Vitamin A
• D. Vitamin D

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Vitamin B12 is primarily found in animal products, so vegetarians may need supplementation.

2. Which organ produces and secretes bicarbonate ions and insulin?

• A. Stomach
• B. Pancreas
• C. Large intestine
• D. Small intestine

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The pancreas is the correct answer because it performs two vital functions: producing bicarbonate ions to neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine and secreting insulin to regulate blood glucose levels. The stomach is incorrect because its primary function is to break down and digest food, not produce bicarbonate ions or insulin. The large and small intestines are also incorrect because their primary functions are to absorb nutrients and water from food, rather than producing bicarbonate ions or insulin.

3. Select all that apply. Which nutrients are needed by the body to make hemoglobin?

• A. Iron
• B. Vitamin B12
• C. Niacin
• D. Folate

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Iron. Iron is an essential nutrient needed by the body to make hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. While other nutrients like vitamin B12, niacin, and folate are important for various bodily functions, they are not directly involved in the production of hemoglobin. Vitamin B12 is essential for nerve function and DNA synthesis, niacin is important for metabolism, and folate is crucial for cell division and DNA synthesis. Therefore, only iron is specifically required for hemoglobin production.

4. Which of the following statements is false?

• A. People with a vitamin K deficiency experience increased clotting time
• B. The major function of vitamin E is promoting vision
• C. Vitamin D functions as a hormone
• D. Rich sources of beta-carotene include carrots, sweet potatoes, and butternut squash

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The statement that the major function of vitamin E is promoting vision is incorrect. Vitamin E primarily acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative damage. Its role is not primarily related to vision, which is a major function of vitamin A. On the other hand, the other options are true. Vitamin K deficiency does indeed lead to increased clotting time, vitamin D functions as a hormone, and carrots, sweet potatoes, and butternut squash are rich sources of beta-carotene.

5. Mr. Bradley has been advised to limit his dairy product intake. What principle regarding fluid intake should be followed?

• A. Gelatin, soups, fruit ices, and frozen fruit bars contribute to your fluid intake
• B. Drink milk in moderation
• C. Increase fiber intake
• D. Limit protein intake

Correct answer: A

Rationale: For patients with kidney disease, it's important to manage fluid intake from all sources, including foods like gelatin and soups, which can contribute to fluid overload.

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