Nursing Elites

1. A parietal layer of a serous membrane lines cavities, whereas a visceral layer of a serous membrane covers organs.

• A. covers organs; lines cavities
• B. lines cavities; covers organs
• C. secretes serous fluid; secretes mucus
• D. secretes mucus; secretes a serous fluid

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In serous membranes, the parietal layer lines the cavities, providing support and protection, while the visceral layer covers the organs, reducing friction and allowing them to move freely. Therefore, the correct answer is 'lines cavities; covers organs.' Choices C and D are incorrect because serous membranes do not secrete mucus; instead, they secrete a watery serous fluid. Choice A is incorrect as it reverses the functions of the parietal and visceral layers in relation to organs and cavities.

2. Which part of the brain regulates heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure?

• A. Corpus Callosum
• B. Medulla Oblongata
• C. Pituitary Glands
• D. Pineal Glands

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is the Medulla Oblongata. This part of the brain is responsible for regulating essential autonomic functions such as heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure. The Corpus Callosum is responsible for connecting the left and right hemispheres of the brain, not for regulating these vital functions. The Pituitary Glands and Pineal Glands are part of the endocrine system and are not directly involved in regulating heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure.

3. Which of the following is a result of stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system?

• A. decreased blood flow to the skeletal muscles
• B. increased cardiac output
• C. decreased respiratory rate
• D. increased urinary output

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system leads to an increase in cardiac output. When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, it causes the heart to beat faster and with more force, leading to an increased cardiac output. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the sympathetic nervous system does not cause decreased blood flow to the skeletal muscles, decreased respiratory rate, or increased urinary output.

4. Which of the following lists best illustrates the idea of increasing levels of complexity?

• A. Cells, tissues, organelles, organs, organ systems
• B. Tissues, cells, organs, organelles, organ systems
• C. Organs, organelles, organ systems, cells, tissues
• D. Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems. This list correctly depicts the increasing levels of complexity in biological organization. It starts with organelles, which are subunits within cells, followed by cells, then tissues (groups of cells working together), organs (comprised of different tissues), and finally organ systems (multiple organs working together). Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not follow the logical progression of complexity from smaller units to larger, more complex structures.

5. Which of the following is not part of the female reproductive system?

• A. The uterus
• B. The uterine tube
• C. The vulva
• D. The bulbourethral gland

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The bulbourethral gland is not part of the female reproductive system. This gland is part of the male reproductive system and is responsible for producing a clear fluid that helps in lubrication during sexual activity. Choices A, B, and C are part of the female reproductive system. The uterus is where a fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus. The uterine tube (fallopian tube) transports eggs from the ovary to the uterus. The vulva includes the external genital organs of the female.

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