Nursing Elites

1. A nurse sees a variety of patients in the community health clinic. Which of the following patients would be at the greatest risk of dehydration?

• A. An 18-year-old basketball player with a stress fracture of the right foot
• B. An infant with diarrhea
• C. A 45-year-old with stomach flu
• D. An elderly patient living alone

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Infants are particularly vulnerable to dehydration due to diarrhea because they have a higher fluid turnover and less reserve. Option A, the 18-year-old basketball player with a stress fracture, is less likely to be at the greatest risk of dehydration compared to an infant with diarrhea. Option C, the 45-year-old with stomach flu, may experience dehydration but is not at the same level of risk as an infant with diarrhea. Option D, the elderly patient living alone, could be at risk of dehydration, but infants with diarrhea are at the greatest risk due to their unique physiological characteristics.

2. The baroreceptors, located in the left atrium and in the carotid and aortic arches, respond to changes in the circulating blood volume and regulate sympathetic and parasympathetic neural activity as well as endocrine activities. Sympathetic stimulation constricts renal arterioles, causing what effect?

• A. Decrease in the release of aldosterone
• B. Increase of filtration in the Loop of Henle
• C. Decrease in the reabsorption of sodium
• D. Decrease in glomerular filtration

Correct answer: D

Rationale:

3. The chief mechanism for maintaining fluid balance is to:

• A. adjust fluid intake so it equals fluid output.
• B. adjust fluid intake so it is slightly above fluid output.
• C. adjust fluid output so it equals fluid input.
• D. adjust fluid intake so it is slightly below fluid output.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'adjust fluid output so it equals fluid input.' Maintaining fluid balance involves ensuring that the amount of fluid lost through processes like urination, sweating, and respiration equals the amount of fluid taken in. This ensures that the body stays properly hydrated. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not focus on the balance between fluid input and output, which is crucial for maintaining proper fluid balance. By adjusting fluid output to equal fluid input, the body can regulate hydration levels effectively, preventing dehydration or overhydration.

4. The nurse caring for a patient post colon resection is assessing the patient on the second postoperative day. The nasogastric tube (NG) remains patent and continues at low intermittent wall suction. The IV is patent and infusing at 125 mL/hr. The patient reports pain at the incision site rated at a 3 on a 0-to-10 rating scale. During your initial shift assessment, the patient complains of cramps in her legs and a tingling sensation in her feet. Your assessment indicates decreased deep tendon reflexes (DTRs) and you suspect the patient has hypokalemia. What other sign or symptom would you expect this patient to exhibit

• A. Diarrhea
• B. Dilute urine
• C. Increased muscle tone
• D. Joint pain

Correct answer: B

Rationale:

5. A nurse is caring for clients with electrolyte imbalances on a medical-surgical unit. Which clinical manifestations are correctly paired with the contributing electrolyte imbalance? (Select all that do not apply.)

• A. Hypokalemia Flaccid paralysis with respiratory depression
• B. Hyperphosphatemia Paresthesia with sensations of tingling and numbness
• C. . Hyponatremia Decreased level of consciousness
• D.

Correct answer: B

Rationale:

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